论家庭教育与独生子女的人格形成

人格是一个人心理面貌的总和，是个体间相互区别的主要标志。家庭作为对人格形成有重要影响的因素之一，具有重要作用。独生子女的人格特征（特别是不成熟人格特征）形成的根本原因是独生子女在家庭中的角色和地位所决定的，针对独生子女以自我为中心、挫折耐受力低、认知结构片面化的特点，家庭对独生子女进行人格教育的方法主要是耳濡目染、潜移默化，不能包办代替、过分监护。要正确处理好管束、期望、教导、关爱之间的关系，不断改进对独生子女进行人格教育的方法。     

The assessment of drawings from children who have been maltreated: a systematic review

This paper presents a systematic review that aims to identify studies using drawing techniques with maltreated children. The paper first introduces the relevant developmental theory relating to children's drawings and its application to practice. Studies using drawing techniques with maltreated children were identified from both the research and practice literature. These were summarized and compared. The evidence from the studies appears relatively inconclusive as to the value of children's drawings for the identification of possible maltreatment, although they do apparently help in aiding recall of important events. Drawings are widely used to assess maltreatment and neglect of children. However, researchers advocate caution in generalizing and interpreting drawings from children with differing experiences. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Child protection policy perspectives and reform of Australian legislation

Legislative responsibility for child protection has become a major theme in the international human rights arena and a major policy issue within early childhood education and care. This paper examines child protection policy and legislation in Australia and measures that are being employed to safeguard children and childhood within contexts that are seen as increasingly risky. Juxtaposing perspectives on child protection and child liberation, it examines the protective responsibilities speci?ed in legislation in the context of predominantly adult agendas. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Maternal Employment,Nonparental Care,Mother‐Child Interactions,and Child Outcomes During Preschool Years

This study examines the relationships between maternal employment, nonparental care, mother‐child interactions, and preschoolers’ outcomes. Data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (N= 1,248) show that maternal employment during the previous year, especially full‐time employment, was related to care by nonrelatives, longer hours in school settings, fewer positive mother‐child interactions, and less reading with parents at ages 2 and 4. Controlling for these mediators, maternal employment was related to children’s lower hyperactivity, more prosocial behavior, and less anxiety at age 4, although little relationship was found at age 2. The results indicate that preschoolers may benefit from maternal employment, but benefits may be offset by long hours of nonparental care and fewer positive mother‐child interactions.     

Family policy and critical science research: Facilitating change

The principles of critical science for policy research are outlined and one research project is used as a case study. The study was intentionally designed to facilitate changes that would positively influence the economic well-being of children from divorced families. The project uses the critical science processes of public dialogue about child support guidelines for purposes of collaborative problem solving. The normative theories of procedural and distributive justice are used to guide the research reporting. The project contributes to changes in the practices of estimating the income needs of children, changes in estimating the relative monetary contributions of their parents, and proposed legislation and modifications in the state child support guidelines. She received her Ph.D. in family ecology from Michigan State University. Her research interests include the valuing issues of family life quality, family decision making, divorce,and the economic adjustments of families to economic stressors. She received her M.A. degree in Family Education from the University of Minnesota. Her research interests include decision making and parenting. She received her Ph.D. degree in anthropology from the University of Minnesota. Her research interests include social and cultural change and the integration of research findings into public policy decision making.     

The continuing relevance of casework ideas to long-term child protection work

This paper is a personal reflection on how casework ideas have informed my own practice. Traditional social work is under threat. Casework, which was once a core method of working in social work, is particularly vulnerable because it has become a private, personal activity that is often misunderstood. It still has its followers but it is hard to find any modern accounts of casework practice. This paper attempts to remedy this by describing the application of casework ideas to work with families following registration of a child on the child protection register. The casework approach is described and illustrated using two case examples. This shows that casework with involuntary clients remains an important method of working but there are inherent constraints within the statutory role which limit what social workers can achieve in terms of therapy or in tackling poverty and inequality. This is followed by a discussion of contemporary social work practice and ideas for ways forward.     

The Effect of Parental Presence, Parents’ Education, and Household Headship on Adolescents’ Schooling and Work in Latin America

We investigate how the presence and education of parents affect adolescents’ school attendance, work participation, and school attainment in Brazil, Ecuador, Nicaragua and Panama. Across the four countries, approximately 20% of adolescents live in single-mother families and 4% in single-father families. Adolescents who live in single-mother families have significantly lower school attendance and attainment than adolescents who live with both parents. However, the effects of living in a single-mother family are small relative to the effects of parents’ education. Adolescents who live in single-mother families are not more likely to work than adolescents in two-parent families. Finally, targeting benefits to children in single-mother families would reach more children at risk of poor school outcomes than targeting children in female-headed households.Mary Arends-Kuenning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 408 Mumford Hall, MC-710, 1301 W. Gregory, Urbana, IL 61801; e-mail: marends@uiuc.edu.Suzanne Duryea, Inter-American Development Bank, 1300 New York Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20577, USA; e-mail: suzanned@iadb.org.     

近代以来西方儿童经济与道德价值的演变

二十世纪儿童在国家与社会中获得了中心地位 ,人们对于儿童的经济与道德价值的观念也发生了重大的改变。从 16世纪到 19世纪 ,从道德和经济的角度对儿童价值的评价在西方社会的童年观中占据了主导地位。前者受到宗教的原罪观的影响 ,要求对所有儿童的天性予以抑制 ;后者主要针对下层儿童 ,造成了长期存在的对儿童劳动的剥削现象。到了 19世纪中后期 ,对儿童价值的传统的道德和经济评价受到了质疑 ,儿童的经济价值逐渐被摈弃 ,道德评价也被新的情感价值所取代     

Daughter‐Father Relationships and Adolescent Psychosocial Functioning in Low‐Income African American Families

This study examines the role of biological and social fathers in the lives of low‐income African American adolescent girls (N= 302). Sixty‐five percent of adolescents identified a primary father; two thirds were biological and one third were social fathers. Adolescents reported more contentious and less close relationships with biological than with social fathers. Multivariate regression analyses indicated that daughters' perceptions of anger and alienation from fathers was related to greater emotional and behavioral problems for adolescents, whereas perceptions of trust and communication with fathers were not predictive of youth outcomes. These relationships were generally similar for biological and social fathers, but differed according to fathers' level of contact with their daughters. A combination of low contact and high levels of either anger or trust in the daughter‐father relationship related to particularly deleterious psychosocial outcomes for adolescent girls.