Life Experiences and Vulnerabilities of Homeless Women: A Comparison of Women Unaccompanied Versus Accompanied by Minor Children, and Correlates with Children's Emotional Distress

The histories and service needs of 2 groups of homeless women, those unaccompanied by minor children (n = 46) and those accompanied by minor children (n = 22), were compared, on the basis of their responses to a biennial survey of homeless people in a midsize city in the southeast United States. Mothers of children aged 2–10 also completed a measure of stress symptoms for their children (n = 20). Irrespective of family status group, problems such as substance abuse, history of mental illness, health problems, chronicity of homelessness, and crime victimization tended to cluster together. The findings also suggest that declining and/or inadequate levels of public benefits, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, and Medicaid-funded health care in particular, have adversely affected the 2 groups, particularly families with children. The young children in this sample experienced elevated levels of stress, and significant associations were found between children's stress levels and certain risk factors of their mothers. Implications for service delivery are discussed.     

A class of symmetric bivariate uniform distributions

A class of symmetric bivariate uniform distributions is proposed for use in statistical modeling. The distributions may be constructed to be absolutely continuous with correlations as close to±1 as desired. Expressions for the correlations, regressions and copulas are found. An extension to three dimensions is proposed.     

Open Road or Blind Alley? Welfare Reform, Mothers, and Children with Disabilities

Welfare reform was examined for 39 Michigan families whose children have significant health or intellectual and behavioral disabilities. As a group, these families received little specialized assistance or services to address their unique needs. Family-cited barriers to self-sufficiency included poorly trained welfare caseworkers, limited public transportation, and inadequate child care. Having an older child was the only discriminating variable between working and non-working mothers. However, working mothers only had temporary positions with no benefits and low pay. All families, whether employed or not, lived below the poverty line.     

论观点采择与皮亚杰的去自我中心化

关于儿童对个人的心理过程、心理特征的认知的研究始于皮亚杰。皮亚杰提出了“自我中心化”和“去自我中心化”的概念 ,在社会认知发展的研究中占有重要的地位。观点采择的本质特征在于个体认识上的去自我中心化 ,即能够站在他人的角度 ,从他人的角度看待问题。对观点采择的研究是对皮亚杰关于儿童自我中心化和去自我中心化发展研究的继承和发展     

少年儿童不同时期的生理特征及其拳击运动的身体训练

论述了少年儿童拳击运动身体训练的可行性及重要性，分析了少年儿童不同时期的生理特征及与之相适应的拳击运动身体训练方法手段的选择，可为少年儿童拳击运动的科学化训练提供理论依据。     

受内压圆柱筒体开孔-接管区应力集中的有限元分析

利用 ANSYS有限元分析软件通过三个算例对圆柱形筒体小开孔直接管区、大开孔直接管区、大开孔斜接管区的应力分布状况进行了研究 .从中了解到了最大第一主应力的变化规律 ,得出在弹性范围内的应力集中系数 ,并且得到ASME规范中的算式较好的验证     

王安忆小说中的童年意象

童年意象的运用是王安忆小说独树一帜的重要原因."成长中的儿童"是王安忆小说中特有的形象.以儿童形象为象征载体进行文化批判是对童年意象的出色运用.儿童视角的发掘使王安忆的小说取得了"陌生化"的审美效果,也使细节化呈现文本的艺术表达方式与文本的精神内涵完美地结合起来.儿童视角的运用还让作家能以旁观者的眼光看世界,保持了独立、警醒的创作立场.     

剑溪堂刻本《书经》考述

剑溪堂刻本《书经》为近年在徽州地区发现的一种《尚书》新版本。根据其书口、版式、字体、用纸、内封面以及避讳等情况综合判断,该书刊行于明神宗万历年间,与北图藏元明间宗文书堂刻本《书集传音释六卷》同出一个版本系统。它的出现对于认识《书经》乃至整个《尚书》的流变史有其重要意义。在蔡沈集传《书经》普遍流行六册、七册线装本的情况下,三册毛装本无疑还具有较强的版本认识价值。     

Statistical Distributions of Daily Breathing Rates for Narrow Age Groups of Infants and Children

Children may be more susceptible to toxicity from some environmental chemicals than adults. This susceptibility may occur during narrow age periods (windows), which can last from days to years depending on the toxicant. Breathing rates specific to narrow age periods are useful to assess inhalation dose during suspected windows of susceptibility. Because existing breathing rates used in risk assessment are typically for broad age ranges or are based on data not representative of the population, we derived daily breathing rates for narrow age ranges of children designed to be more representative of the current U.S. children's population. These rates were derived using the metabolic conversion method of Layton (1993) and energy intake data adjusted to represent the U.S. population from a relatively recent dietary survey (CSFII 1994–1996, 1998). We calculated conversion factors more specific to children than those previously used. Both nonnormalized (L/day) and normalized (L/kg-day) breathing rates were derived and found comparable to rates derived using energy estimates that are accurate for the individuals sampled but not representative of the population. Estimates of breathing rate variability within a population can be used with stochastic techniques to characterize the range of risk in the population from inhalation exposures. For each age and age-gender group, we present the mean, standard error of the mean, percentiles (50th, 90th, and 95th), geometric mean, standard deviation, 95th percentile, and best-fit parametric models of the breathing rate distributions. The standard errors characterize uncertainty in the parameter estimate, while the percentiles describe the combined interindividual and intra-individual variability of the sampled population. These breathing rates can be used for risk assessment of subchronic and chronic inhalation exposures of narrow age groups of children.     

辛亥革命前夕的政治变动

《辛丑条约》签订后，清政府开始在政治上进行变革，推行“新政”和预备立宪。在此过程中，自晚清以降出现的中央和地方的矛盾以及固有的满汉矛盾不断加剧甚至激化，在辛亥革命前夕严重动摇了清王朝的统治。