Biased Mentalizing in Children Aged Seven to 11: Latent Class Confirmation of Response Styles to Social Scenarios and Associations with Psychopathology

A new approach to the measurement of mentalizing is introduced. Instead of measuring the presence or absence of mentalizing capacity, the current study aimed at developing a mentalizing task that focuses on investigating biases in mentalizing through the use of ambiguous peer‐related social scenarios. The response consistency of 659 children was investigated in a community sample of children aged seven to 11. Confirmatory latent class analysis allocated children to three groups on the basis of their responses: an overly positive style (OP), a rational/neutral style (R) or an overly negative style (ON). Children classed as OP showed a greater likelihood of being above cut‐off on a population screen for externalizing disorder. Over a two‐year follow‐up period, the children who were classified as R were most likely to remain so whereas the OP and ON children were found to change group. The results are discussed in the context of social‐cognitive research in this age group. Further studies should examine the external validity of the mentalizing task because the results reported here concern only internal construct validity.     

犯罪学视野下的反社会型人格障碍理论初探

反社会型人格障碍又称为病态人格障碍,它是一类以不顾及他人权利、侵犯他人权利为主要表现的人格障碍类型。由于反社会型人格障碍者实施的犯罪行为较正常人格者实施的犯罪行为相比,更易造成公众的恐慌感,具有极大的社会危害性,因此,对于反社会型人格障碍展开研究,有助于预防此类犯罪的发生,促进社会的和谐进步,极其具有理论和现实意义。本文主要从反社会型人格障碍的主要形成原因、预防对策及矫治方略等几个方面展开初步的研究。     

有组织的无序:合作困境的复杂生成机理

合作困境具有复杂的生成机理,它们在受到各种有序、规则的结构性因素影响的同时,还受到微观行动领域中行动者无序的、充满策略性的、交互行动结构的影响,即"有组织的无序"。缓解政府机构间合作困境的策略,不仅应考虑制度供给、权责划分和个体的理性选择等单边因素,更应考虑多方立体的互动结构。这种多方立体的互动结构,至少取决于四个重要环节:机构间的资源依赖结构、对合作行为的合法性判断、协商性的交换过程以及合作规则的形成过程。     

《清代职官年表》山东布政、按察两司官员族籍勘补

钱实甫《清代职官年表》具有较高的史料价值,然其中所载山东布政使、按察使两司官员的族籍有漏误,根据《清代官员履历档案全编》及各地方史志等基本史料对其误漏处进行勘补,当有裨于相关地方史研究的深入进行。     

See no evil,hear no evil,speak no evil: assessing complex trauma in young children

Complex trauma generally refers to a child's exposure to multiple traumatic events often within the context of an interpersonal relationship. Childhood traumatic events are commonplace and can have significant implications for physical and mental health. However, traumatic events are often not assessed by clinicians involved in their care. This paper outlines an approach to assessing complex trauma in young children in clinical settings. This approach involves an initial interview, an assessment of traumatic events and trauma symptoms in the child, an assessment of the parent–child interaction, an understanding of the child's functioning in multiple settings, and an assessment of parental trauma where relevant. Complex trauma takes time to assess and is dependent on the parent's ability to recognise and acknowledge the effect trauma has had. The paper concludes with some of the challenges when assessing complex trauma in young children in clinical settings.     

人工智能在孤独症谱系障碍儿童临床诊断中的应用研究综述

近年来，孤独症谱系障碍的发病率不断攀升，但其早期诊断资源仍极为匮乏。随着计算机技术、电子工程学以及统计学 等学科的发展，人工智能（AI）在孤独症的临床诊断中高效率、高准确率、高稳定性的独特优势日益凸显。当前人工智能在孤 独症诊断领域的研究主要集中于孤独症的早期识别、预测、诊断以及人机互动辅助干预研究等四大方面。综述的结果指明，在 未来的人工智能的孤独症诊断应用方面，应明确其辅助性发展定位、完善法律和法规制度、健全信息化数据体系、加强信息化 安全建设、促进便携式设备发展、推动复合型人才培养。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童动作发展障碍研究进展

近年来，动作发展障碍已成为孤独症谱系障碍（Autism spectrum disorder，ASD）儿童的常见症状，不仅给该群体的日常生 活带来困难，而且不利于其社交、语言、认知等其他功能的发展。通过梳理有关孤独症儿童动作发展障碍的研究发现，该障碍 存在较大的异质性。其在孤独症婴儿期表现为动作发育里程碑延迟，在儿童和青少年期表现为姿势控制障碍、动作协调困难、 步态异常和手部动作操作障碍。为更好地分析和改善动作发展障碍，未来研究可考虑对孤独症儿童的动作发展障碍及其影响 因素进行系统性分析，开发针对孤独症儿童的动作发展评估工具，对该障碍进行神经科学研究并设计和实施有效易行的体育 运动干预项目。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童与普通儿童执行功能比较研究

执行功能是个体在设定目标、制定计划并实施过程中所需的一系列高级认知功能，对孤独症儿童的发展具有重要影响。 本研究选取了32名孤独症儿童和与之年龄、性别、智商相匹配的32名普通儿童，由其父母填写学前儿童执行功能评定问卷，评 估孤独症儿童和普通儿童的执行功能表现。结果发现，孤独症儿童在执行功能的抑制自我调控、认知灵活性和元认知三个维 度上的得分显著高于普通儿童，表明孤独症儿童在执行功能三大维度上的能力均显著低于普通儿童。研究证明了孤独症儿童 存在执行功能的缺陷，并明确了其与普通儿童在各维度各因子之间的具体差异。未来应重视将执行功能作为孤独症早期筛查 指标、细化孤独症儿童执行功能发展的干预维度、优化孤独症儿童执行功能的早期干预方案。     

The impact of perinatal healthcare changes on birth trauma during COVID-19

BackgroundSince the onset of COVID-19, giving birth has involved navigating unprecedented healthcare changes that could significantly impact the psychological birth experience.AimResearch has demonstrated increasing rates of birth trauma and birth plan alterations during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study specifically examined these intersecting experiences to understand how COVID-related healthcare changes have impacted birth trauma during the pandemic.Methods269 people who gave birth in the U.S. during COVID-19 completed an online survey between November, 2020-May, 2021 which included questions about COVID-related perinatal healthcare changes and birth-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; The City Birth Trauma Scale). T-tests were run on birth demographics to assess for significant indicators of PTSD; variables having significant effects were used to build a hierarchical regression model to predict PTSD symptoms.Findings5.9% of the sample met criteria for PTSD and 72.3% met partial criteria. The overall regression model predicted approximately 19% of variance in total PTSD symptoms. Labor and birth demographics were entered in Step 1 and predicted approximately 11% of variance: limited length of stay for support person, being allowed 1 support person who had to be the same, and mask requirements were significant predictors of PTSD. Variables related to birth plan changes were entered in Step 2 and predicted approximately 8% of variance: changes to support person(s) for labor and birth, breastfeeding plans, and birth location were significant predictors of PTSD.ConclusionThe present study demonstrates the importance of COVID-related perinatal healthcare changes to the development of trauma symptoms following childbirth.     

当代大学生心理问题探究

大学生是民族栋梁、国家未来,他们的健康成长不单维系着家庭幸福、人民期望,更直接关系着社会安定、国家兴衰。文章紧扣大学生心理健康主题,从发现问题、提出问题、探讨问题、解决问题入手并针对问题进行相关研究;从社会学、心理学、心理健康教育、全民精神卫生理念、探索矫正心理问题等方面去展开阐述与论证。突出了教育工作者的职能与大学生心理问题研究的紧迫性与重要性。旨在呼吁社会学家、心理学家、教育家、医学家以及全社会关心重视大学生心理健康教育问题。