关于普通话水平测试“拟卷”的若干问题

普通话水平测试以量化测评为基本框架.其中“读多音节词语”与“朗读作品”是最能反应量化测评的总体面貌,最能体现测评信度和效度的题目.从目前所用测试题的这两项内容来看,仍存在“一、不”变调测评内容缺失、“儿化词”选词音变类型过于单一、轻声词量化选择有失规范、轻重格式词的测评无据等方面的问题,此类问题应改进、完善.     

瘟疫与近代城市的变迁——以1908—1910年的上海鼠疫为例

瘟疫在给人类带来生命和财产损失的同时,对一座城市而言,也能促进城市的变迁。1908—1910年的上海鼠疫在市政的物质层面、城市管理的制度层面和民众的观念层面上促进了城市的变迁。     

At Home on the Range? Lay Interpretations of Numerical Uncertainty Ranges

Numerical uncertainty ranges are often used to convey the precision of a forecast. In three studies, we examined how users perceive the distribution underlying numerical ranges and test specific hypotheses about the display characteristics that affect these perceptions. We discuss five primary conclusions from these studies: (1) substantial variation exists in how people perceive the distribution underlying numerical ranges; (2) distributional perceptions appear similar whether the uncertain variable is a probability or an outcome; (3) the variation in distributional perceptions is due in part to individual differences in numeracy, with more numerate individuals more likely to perceive the distribution as roughly normal; (4) the variation is also due in part to the presence versus absence of common cues used to convey the correct interpretation (e.g., including a best estimate increases perceptions that the distribution is roughly normal); and (5) simple graphical representations can decrease the variance in distributional perceptions. These results point toward significant opportunities to improve uncertainty communication in climate change and other domains.     

Public Perception of Climate Change: The Importance of Knowledge and Cultural Worldviews

The importance of knowledge for lay people's climate change concerns has been questioned in recent years, as it had been suggested that cultural values are stronger predictors of concern about climate change than knowledge. Studies that simultaneously measured knowledge related to climate change and cultural values have, however, been missing. We conducted a mail survey in the German‐speaking part of Switzerland (N = 1,065). Results suggested that cultural worldviews and climate‐related knowledge were significantly related with people's concern about climate change. Also, cultural worldviews and climate‐relevant knowledge appeared important for people's willingness to change behaviors and to accept climate change policies. In addition, different types of knowledge were found to have different impacts on people's concern about climate change, their willingness to change behaviors, and their acceptance of policies about climate change. Specifically, causal knowledge significantly increased concern about climate change and willingness to support climate‐friendly policies. We therefore concluded that risk communication should focus on causal knowledge, provided this knowledge does not threaten cultural values.     

气候变化与科技创新--论现代的思维方式和现代气候观

对气候环境看法的不同，直接源自人们认识和改造自然和社会的思维方式存在差异。以马克思主义的唯物辩证法与系统科学为基础的科学、系统与整体意义上的现代气候观可以使人类从当前不利于社会发展的全球性气候与生态困境中走出来。尽管人们已经意识到科学技术是一把双刃剑，但是并未从根本上改变对自然资源“有来无回”的利用方式。因此，要实现人与人、人与社会、人与自然的和谐统一，就必须以系统思维方式下的系统化的社会价值意识逐步取代传统、片面、狭隘、自私的社会价值意识，从而指导、支配系统化的科技创新、发明和应用。     

碳排放权：一种新的发展权

近年来,国际社会逐渐把碳排放权作为一种新的发展权来看待,其法理依据主要有：《联合国气候变化框架公约》、《京都议定书》以及可持续发展原则、"共同但有区别的责任原则"和公平正义原则等。后京都时代碳排放权的分配应考虑发展需要、人口数量、历史责任以及公平正义原则等因素。作为温室气体排放大国,中国在坚守"共同但有区别的责任原则"的前提下,应逐步实现从"差别原则"到"共同责任"的转变,在加强与发展中的大国协调的同时,适当支持小岛国联盟和最不发达国家的要求,并重视碳排放权分配中的发展权问题。     

新疆气候变化对水资源影响分析研究

在全球和新疆气候变暖的背景下,新疆极端天气、气候事件频发,防灾减灾形势更为严峻,而且气候有暖干向暖湿发展的趋势;但因气候变暖的同时降水增多,河流径流量呈增加趋势,使水资源会发生变化,进而影响生态环境,荒漠的面积扩大,绿洲总体和交错过渡带面积减少。由于新疆气候变化、人类活动的负面影响以及资源利用效率低下、经济结构不合理等因素,新疆水资源的形势依然相当严峻,从而大大的影响了生态环境。     

论《里斯本条约》对欧盟参与气候变化国际谈判的影响

欧盟是气候变化国际谈判的积极参与者,取得成就的同时也存在问题。《里斯本条约》的生效有利于原有问题的解决,表现在欧盟正式取得了法律人格以欧盟名义缔结条约,提升了气候变化政策在欧盟内部的一体化程度,组织机构上也有利于欧盟更好地参与气候变化国际谈判。     

论气候变化国际法的可持续发展原则

可持续发展原则在气候变化国际法当中被广泛使用,但是缺乏准确定义,其内涵也不明确。气候变化国际法的可持续发展原则应当包括气候正义、环境与发展一体化等内涵。这些内涵在今后被确立可以帮助气候变化国际法完善对发展的认识,加深对正义的了解,促进气候变化国际法更和谐。     

乡村振兴背景下的乡风文明建设——基于全国村级“乡风文明建设”典型案例分析

乡风文明是新时代建设新农村的基本要求,是乡村善治的主要体现,是小康建设的重要任务,更是实现乡村全面振兴的强有力保证。党中央国务院高度重视乡风文明建设,农业农村部为更进一步落实中央精神,组织开展了全国村级“乡风文明建设”优秀典型案例遴选征集工作。经村级申报、省级审核、专家评审、网上公示等程序,遴选了21个案例为全国村级“乡风文明建设”优秀典型案例。以全国村级“乡风文明建设”典型案例为基础,对全国乡风文明建设的现状进行分析研究发现,现阶段我国乡风文明建设还存在基层干部认识不足、文化阵地建设较弱、有组织的文化活动开展不够、陈规陋习依然存在、缺乏专业人才、财政投入不够等问题。为进一步推进乡风文明建设,提出加强基层党建、开展文化活动、优化财政结构、推进移风易俗、提升文化价值等对策建议。