帕累托最优:辩诉交易本土化的效率优势

押辩诉交易做为美国结案率极高的一种诉讼处理方式,在我国引起了极大的反响熏诚然,辩诉交易不可避免会存在“暗箱操作“,但我们绝不能因噎废食,武断地把辩诉交易制度拒之门外。而应理性的看待这一制度,美国式的辩诉交易我们不宜也不应全盘引进,但是其中所折射的现代法治理念的因素应当为我们吸收。本文拟就从经济学的角度来谈辩诉交易的效率优势。     

柏拉图正义观探析

面临雅典民主政沽濒临崩溃、极端个人主义盛行的衰败形势,柏拉图把正义当作治疗社会不幸的药方。通过批评传统的正义观,柏拉图提出了贯彻内在性原则和政治性原则的正义理论：就个体而言,正义是使个人自我一致并达致完善的美德;就社会而言,正义是使社会内在和谐、完善的社会自觉。并且依柏拉图而言,正义有着专门的分类,即“四德”。     

司法公正观念源流略论

司法公正是法律精神的内在要求,是法治的组成部分和基本内容。中国古代社会强调司法官吏严格执法、大臣经义决狱、皇帝屈法伸情以实现司法公正。西方司法公正思想中最为核心的是两大观念,即程序公正和实体公正。在马克思主义者看来,公正体现了人们之间的正当关系,其核心内容就是平等,并且公正与社会的物质生活条件密不可分。在司法公正的具体定位上,革命导师将"实质公正"作为司法公正的基本前提。     

以哲学代宗教——论冯友兰的“安身立命”之道

由于受达尔文进化论和西方科学主义思潮的影响,近代以来的中国学者一般认为,随着科学技术的进步,许多过去人类解决不了,而不得不寄托于宗教的问题,现在已由科学解决,所以宗教的势力已经减弱.然而,现实的情况却是,西方的科学虽已取得极大的发展和进步,但宗教并未退缩.冯友兰认为,这是因为,西方的哲学是贫困的哲学.西方的哲学家们不去研究"安身立命"的大事,把本该由哲学解决的问题,让位给宗教.冯友兰发扬了中国思想以哲学代宗教之传统,提出了可以作为人类"安身立命"之所的"天地境界".主张"以哲学代宗教".     

希腊原创文化及其观念

原创文化是文化史研究的一个新的生长点.通常所说的"传统文化"掩盖了原创文化的存在和地位,以至如海德格尔所说,"传统遮蔽本真","传统堵塞了通达源头的道路".希腊文化尚未成为欧洲的传统,就被基督教所取代了,它保留了更多的原创性智慧的特征,可以说是原创文化的标本.Theos(神)与theologia(神学),mysteri(神秘)、mythos(虚构)与logos(逻各斯),physis(自然)、techne(技艺)与nomos(约定的),Dike(正义女神)与dike(正义)这四组观念,体现了希腊人关于天地人神、德智体美、身心和谐和制度创新、观念创新的刻意追求.所谓"回归希腊",实质上是解蔽被传统遮盖的原创性智慧,以弥补现代文化之不足.显然,研究历史上各个文化系的原创性智慧,有助于我们在更广阔的历史背景下思索当今先进文化的建构.     

Floods and Climate Change: Interactions and Impacts

Whether the floods experienced during the last decade in Germany and in other European countries are triggered or worsened by human activities has been the subject of a great deal of debate. Possible anthropogenic activities leading to increased flood risk include river regulation measures, intensified land use and forestry, and emissions of greenhouse gases causing a change in the global climate. This article discusses the latter by reviewing the existing knowledge on the subject. First, the relevance, capabilities, and limitations of climate models for the simulation and analysis of flood risk under aspects of the anthropogenic climate change are described. Special consideration is given here to differences between the "typical" spatial scale of climate models and hydrological flood models. Second, observations of trends in climate variables relevant for river flooding issues are summarized. Special emphasis is put on the Rhine and other German catchment areas. Third, the possibilities of modeling the different parts of the "cascade of flood risk" are summarized, introducing the special features of meteorological, hydrological, and river hydraulic models.     

构建现代法理的意义--对细菌战诉讼的另一种思考

对日民间索赔的问题直到今日尚未解决,其中涉及到相关的法律问题.为了追究日本政府的赔偿责任,关于细菌战受害个人赔偿的现代法理的确立是当务之急.构建现代法理的意义在于一是有利于保护人权,二是有利于实现正义,三是有利于促进和平.     

Emotional Climate in a European Problem Area: East Berlin and West Berlin Three Years After Reunification

In autumn of 1992, three years after the unification of Germany, during a period of violent attacks against foreigners, 120 students from East Berlin and West Berlin and 20 foreign students living in West Berlin answered the Emotional Climate Questionnaire developed by de Rivera and Fernandez-Dols. Foreign respondents expressed a positive attitude toward their government/state and believed in prosocial behavior to a greater extent than respondents from East Berlin and West Berlin. Whereas East Berlin students disagreed only somewhat with statements in favor of selfishness and egoism, West Berlin students strongly disagreed with them. We attribute the differences that were found in the answers of the foreign students to their national values. In addition, we regard the differences between the emotional climates of East Berlin and West Berlin as reflecting a climate of instability among East Berliners. We interpreted selfishness as a kind of polarized behavior indicating a climate of instability. A factor analysis revealed 5 factors of an emotional climate: Nation's Future, Just World, Reactive Egoism, Scepticism, and Basic Egoism. The concept of emotional climate is discussed on the basis of the current data.     

效率与和谐：－经济伦理学的探索

传统中国伦理是以“礼”为中心的纯人伦精神 ,而西方资产阶级的伦理主要是强调效率的经济伦理。纯中国式的传统伦理虽然使人际关系“和谐” ,但是它客观上造成了中国社会的整体无效 ;西方的资产阶级伦理造就了社会的高效 ,提升了全体国民的福利 ,但是它客观上又造就了人们精神的普遍空虚。经济伦理要将伦理精神上的“礼”节之“和”与经济上的效率结合起来 ,做到伦理讲效率 ,经济讲正义。     

Indoor Climate and Thermal Comfort from a Long-Term Perspective

ABSTRACT

This article discusses how a Swedish wooden burgher house, the mid-1660s Burmeister House, was adapted over the course of 250 years to satisfy ever-changing expectations of thermal comfort. The investigation is based on the climatic conditions of the Nordic Region, where the issue of thermal comfort is crucial when attempting to understand the development of indoor environments. The article explores how spatiality, heating, and interior decor and furnishing operated and affected the inhabitants' experiences of indoor climate and thermal comfort. The results show that Burmeister House followed a general pattern of improvement, especially with regard to innovations in heating. Burmeister House ceased to be a private residence when it was restored and turned into a historic house museum. Rather than revealing its history, restorations carried out in the twentieth century worked to conceal or remove most of the building's more recent history. As a consequence, the house has become more difficult to use since it can no longer be efficiently heated.