突破性创新：一种“产学研”合作技术创新模式建模分析

从创新的类型、主体以及创新过程中资源与能力优化配置的角度出发,将“产学研”合作技术创新模式分为以高校为主导兴建的企业模式和以企业为主导采纳的集成创新模式两大类,并着重对前一种创新模式进行了集中分析。在此模式下,以动态博弈、委托-代理以及实物期权等理论与模型为工具,从创业资金获取、创新过程的有效组织以及参与市场竞争的系统维度建立了一个动态博弈模型,按照兴建企业在创业之初是否融资,以及创新过程不同的组织方式的差异得出4种不同情形的子博弈完美纳什均衡解;分别在确定环境与动态不确定环境2种情形下对不同创新过程组织模式之间的对比效应,以及相同创新过程组织模式的融资效应进行了比较分析,对应地得出了相关均衡变量:投入门槛值、破产临界值、研发的投入、创新的风险、创新成功或失败时的工资水平、产品产量及价格、公司利润、期望的利润、价格以及产品产量的差异性及比较适用的条件。     

Bargaining and Strategic Demand Commitment

On occasion, in multilateral negotiations, interested parties make unilateral demands. Certain agreements need unanimity. However, a lesser degree of consensus may be feasible. In this paper, an alternating demand bargaining game among n players is proposed, which envisages varying consensus requirements and commitment, both crucial in generating a unique and efficient outcome of the bargaining process.     

Simulation Games in Theory Development

Mathematics provides a set of tools and a language by which sociologists can precisely develop and express an abstract theory of society. Simulation games provide relatively limited and controlled contexts in which qualitative observations may suggest insights upon which to build systematic quantitative social theory. James Coleman was one of the strongest advocates for the use of simulation games in developing and communicating social theory; his Democracy game was a valuable tool in the development of his theory of collective action. In this paper, I provide an extended example of the use of observations of simulation games. My observations of two different games suggested ways to reconsider and revise certain aspects of rational choice theory. Building upon Herbert A. Simon's ([1957] Models of Man, Social and Rational: Mathematical Essays on Rational Human Behavior in a Social Setting, New York: Wiley) and John W. Thibaut and Harold H. Kelley's ([1959] The Social Psychology of Groups, New York: Wiley) theories of rationality in the context of incomplete information, my observations suggested that frustration behavior may be a rational response to the failure to meet expectations.     

科学知识的合法化危机及其消解——兼评利奥塔的后现代科学知识观

利奥塔把对元叙事的怀疑看成是“后现代”,考察了后现代状态下科学知识的合法化.他运用语用学方法对科学知识进行了分析,考察了叙事知识和科学知识的区别和联系.认为后现代状态下不同的“语言游戏”之间具有“不可通约性”,通过“性能标准”达到的合法化有可能带来新的“恐怖”.在具有“不确定性”特点的后现代背景下,通过“误构”科学知识才能达到合法化.     

脑筋急转弯设置和解答的关联理论阐释

脑筋急转弯游戏中命题者和听者有着不同的认知状态和认知倾向:命题者追求题目内容对听者的最大关联,听者则倾向于认为他所得的答案具有最佳关联。用关联理论阐释脑筋急转弯游戏中的这种非常规的明示推理过程,并描述命题者和听者在游戏题目设置和解答过程中的认知经历,可为研究语言游戏提供语用学的新视角。     

A unified approach to restricted games

There have been two main lines in the literature on restricted games: the first line was started by Myerson (1977) that studied graph-restricted games an the second one was initiated by Faigle (1989). The present paper provides a unified way to look on the literature and establishes connections between the two different lines on restricted games. The strength and advantages of this unified approach becomes clear in the study of the inheritance of the convexity from the game to the restricted game where an interesting result by Nouweland and Borm (1991) on the convexity of graph-restricted games is turned into a direct consequence of the corresponding result by Faigle (1989), by means of this relation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Personality and psychographics of three types of gamblers in the United States

Using the results of the Experian Marketing Services' Simmons^® National Consumer Study (NCS) (N₀ = 24,581), this paper studies the characteristics of three types of US. gamblers: regular lottery players (N₁ = 1100), heavy casino gamblers (N₂ = 636) and online gamblers (N₃ = 291). We explore each type of gambler using measures of several personality and psychographic variables: impulsiveness, desire for control, materialism, risk taking, self-centredness, introversion, sensation seeking and financial prudence. We find that while all three groups have elevated levels of impulsiveness and materialism relative to non-gamblers (p < 0.01), most noteworthy are the online gamblers, who have higher levels of risk taking, desire for control, self-centredness and sensation seeking compared to casino gamblers, lottery players and non-gamblers (p < 0.01). This study additionally emphasizes the importance of considering demographics when investigating psychographics, as some of the psychographics related to gambling are conditioned on age. In addition, we find that online gamblers who also engage in other forms of gambling may be distinct from those who do not, suggesting they are not a homogeneous group.     

大学生网络游戏成瘾的危害性分析

随着互联网的快速发展,网络游戏为越来越多的人所接受。大学生是一个特殊的网络游戏玩家群体,是我国网络游戏玩家的"主力军",网络游戏成瘾的问题在大学生中表现得十分突出。由于过度沉迷于网络游戏而导致其身体、心理以及家庭问题相继出现,并逐渐成为一种社会问题。     

镶嵌式博弈与公共品提供结构：以王村为例

政府和市场通常被理解为公共品提供的两个主要机制,但这背后作为基础的还是两个逻辑：技术逻辑和制度逻辑,两者通常交互作用在一起。政府和社会机制主要依赖于制度逻辑,有别于政府因素,在制度逻辑中,“社会因素”能给公共品提供带来不同的可能性。镶嵌式博弈是制度逻辑中将一系列因素组织起来的核心机制,同时又因应不同的内、外部组织结构和人际关系,呈现出不同的博弈模型,包括慈父主义模型、智猪博弈模型、关联博弈模型等。农村公共品提供的研究因为很少深入到村民的视角,以上的机制通常也就难以清晰呈现。本文基于对王村桥梁修建和饮水工程问题的考察,更清晰地看到了当前中国农村公共品提供中的这一结构问题。从该主题出发,还能引发有关市场与社会问题的进一步讨论。