Probability Generating Function Based Jeffrey's Divergence for Statistical Inference

Statistical inference procedures based on transforms such as characteristic function and probability generating function have been examined by many researchers because they are much simpler than probability density functions. Here, a probability generating function based Jeffrey's divergence measure is proposed for parameter estimation and goodness-of-fit test. Being a member of the M-estimators, the proposed estimator is consistent. Also, the proposed goodness-of-fit test has good statistical power. The proposed divergence measure shows improved performance over existing probability generating function based measures. Real data examples are given to illustrate the proposed parameter estimation method and goodness-of-fit test.     

Methods to assess measurement error in questionnaires of sedentary behavior

Sedentary behavior has already been associated with mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Questionnaires are an affordable tool for measuring sedentary behavior in large epidemiological studies. Here, we introduce and evaluate two statistical methods for quantifying measurement error in questionnaires. Accurate estimates are needed for assessing questionnaire quality. The two methods would be applied to validation studies that measure a sedentary behavior by both questionnaire and accelerometer on multiple days. The first method fits a reduced model by assuming the accelerometer is without error, while the second method fits a more complete model that allows both measures to have error. Because accelerometers tend to be highly accurate, we show that ignoring the accelerometer's measurement error, can result in more accurate estimates of measurement error in some scenarios. In this article, we derive asymptotic approximations for the mean-squared error of the estimated parameters from both methods, evaluate their dependence on study design and behavior characteristics, and offer an R package so investigators can make an informed choice between the two methods. We demonstrate the difference between the two methods in a recent validation study comparing previous day recalls to an accelerometer-based ActivPal.     

“顽疾”还是“误诊”？产业扶贫“内生动力不足”问题探究

产业扶贫中“内生动力不足”是阻碍脱贫攻坚获胜的难题。以豫北黄河滩区Q乡为例,对扶贫项目运营情况进行长期调研,深度剖析“内生动力不足”产生的根源。调研发现,产业扶贫项目的自然风险、市场风险、道德风险与政治风险是影响贫困户“内生动力不足”的重要因素,认知评估理论与资源保存理论能有效揭示项目风险影响贫困户“内生动力不足”问题的内在作用机理。贫困户会对项目风险进行全面评估,认为凭借自身资源无力应对,同时为避免自有资源遭受损失,进而对扶贫项目表现消极,产生“内生动力不足”问题。为此,从健全防御配套设施、避免官僚逻辑、弱化精英偏好、人才培养与引进等方面化解项目风险,是提升贫困户“内生动力”、促进产业扶贫项目可持续发展的有效措施。     

大学生认知方式与德育方法的优化

认知方式划分为场依存和场独立两种类型,大学生认知方式与德育方法实施产生的效果有相关性。笔者认为应构建"以人为本"的德育方法论体系,根据大学生不同的认知方式采取分类指导原则,实施相应的有针对性和实效性的德育方法。     

试论"以人为本"的汉语历史词汇研究

面对个体数量众多、情况极度复杂的古汉语词汇系统,根据语言事实调查和认知语言学理论,从“以人为本”的研究思路出发进行汉语历史词汇学研究,首先对围绕人体部位及其各种重要经验而形成的概念基础之上的词汇加以研究,进一步研究这些词汇指称功能的扩展情况,将是一项十分重要的研究工作。     

论对偶在汉语写作中的认知意义

对偶是汉语语体系统和文体系统中的重要构成元素,是人们把对世界的认识摹写出来又渗透到高雅文化与民俗文化之中的一种语言表达式。对偶思维是一种耦合①性思维,集中反映了汉民族写作的整体思维和对立统一思维。考察汉语写作史可以发现:对偶不仅仅是传统意义上的一种修辞方式,它更是汉民族写作的一种重要的认知模式。隐喻的研究,已经从一种修辞手段的研究转化为认识世界和语言发生变化的重大课题和焦点课题。而对偶的研究,如对偶的形成与结构体制对汉语写作的认知意义;对偶所映射的汉族人的文化传统、审美心理;对偶的语体学意义和文体学意义;对偶与语体、文体嬗变和社会需求的关系问题等也应该是语言学中极有理论价值和方法论意义的研究课题。     

心理表征及其特征

认知科学的心理表征是有机体环境信息的载体,认知系统具有一种承载信息的内部状态,即中介状态.这种中介状态具有五种特征,即持久性、差异性、抽象性、具有成分结构和受规则控制.讨论心理表征的深层次问题对于说明各种认知能力非常重要.     

Racial/Ethnic Minority Community College Students' Critical Consciousness and Social Cognitive Career Outcomes

A need exists to better understand how racial/ethnic minority students' critical consciousness development in response to marginalization may be involved in their educational and career development. We therefore examined the link between critical consciousness development and career decision self-efficacy and career outcome expectations among racial/ethnic minority community college students. Following social cognitive career theory's conceptual pillars, we developed a testable model integrating critical consciousness and social cognitive variables. This model was tested with 135 racially and ethnically diverse community college students. Data analysis included path analyses and tests of model fit using structural equation modeling. Results suggested that (a) higher critical agency is linked to higher career decision self-efficacy and outcome expectations and (b) critical action and reflection have a bidirectional link and predict higher critical agency. Implications for research and practice aiming to close educational and career gaps among racial/ethnic minorities are discussed.     

Occupational mobility and cognitive ability: A commentary on Betthäuser,Bourne and Bukodi

This commentary critiques Betthäuser, Bourne and Bukodi's (2020) paper which finds that cognitive ability does not substantially mediate class of origin effects on educational and occupational outcomes. From these results, they conclude that cognitive ability is only of minor importance for social stratification, reasserting their view of the primacy of class origins for social stratification. The central issue surrounding cognitive ability in social stratification is its effects on socioeconomic attainments vis-à-vis socioeconomic origins, not the extent that cognitive ability mediates classorigin effects. Their analytical strategy of estimating the extent that cognitive ability mediates class origineffects is misleading because: it ignores the only moderate associations of socioeconomic origins with educational and occupational outcomes; the stronger direct effects of cognitive ability; the associations of parents’ ability with their own socioeconomic attainments; and the genetic transmission of cognitive ability and other traits relevant to social stratification from parents to their children.     

论认知隐喻观的理论阐释力

人类对隐喻的研究经历了一个漫长的历史阶段,隐喻理论的解释范围不断扩大。从古希腊的修辞观到对语言本体进行解释的语法隐喻以及语法化研究,从语言和思维相结合的概念隐喻到完全彻底的认知隐喻观,所有这些都对隐喻的研究做出了重大贡献。但一直以来在这些研究的背后,缺乏一种具有统一解释力的理论,即共性。从认知的角度出发我们可以发现,认知域之间的叠加和互动是各类隐喻最基本的工作原理,是隐喻的基本思维方式,是隐喻的共性;另一方面,隐喻的内容又是因民族和文化的不同而有所差异,这是隐喻的个性。