在政治经济学教学中培养学生的认知策略

教学的核心任务在于教会学生学习与学会应用认知策略,使之学会高效率学习、高效率解决问题的方法与技巧.在政治经济学教学中,教师应充分发挥学生在学习时的主观能动性,因势利导,加强认知策略的训练与培养,提高他们分析解决问题的能力.     

从图式理论的视角看听力理解的心理过程

听力理解是个复杂的心理活动过程,在这个过程中,听者往往借助语言图式、形式图式和内容图式交互作用来处理输入的信息。图式理论将听力理解的过程解释为听者大脑中固有的图式与输入的言语信息相互作用、相互匹配的过程。在听力教学中,教师应当培养学生的预测能力,注重社会文化背景知识导入,激活学生的已有图示,建立新图示,增强学生的理解性输入。     

二语听力理解困难的调查及认知心理分析

为帮助学生提高听力理解能力,对听力理解过程进行认知研究非常必要听力测试、学生内省和汇报的研究结果显示学生在二语听力理解过程中主要遇到了13个困难,认知心理分析表明这些困难分别出现在语言理解的感知加工、语法分析和应用三个阶段,并与学生的情感心理因素有很大关系．     

认知语言学视角下的英语照应语

本文以Ariel的可及性理论和Van Hoek理论为基础．尝试运用认知语言学的相关理论对英语中的照应语进行探讨,作出合理的解释,揭示认知语法在照应分析中的实际价值。     

英语和汉语中“爱”的隐喻

随着认知语言学的发展,隐喻的角色越来越得到人们的认可。在传统的修辞学中,隐喻仅仅是一种修辞手法;然而在新生的认知语言学中,隐喻占据了很重要的地位,并且被认为是一种很重要的认知工具,能帮助我们更好地认识世界。在表达抽象的情感中,隐喻无处不在。文章通过研究英语和汉语中大量的＂爱＂的隐喻,发现由于人类共同的生活经历,认知上和语言上的共同性,英语和汉语中有很多关于＂爱＂的共同的隐喻。然而,由于文化上的差异也存在一些差异。     

认知多址接入系统中的能量消耗优化研究

考虑认知多址接入系统中的多个次用户与主用户同时共享多个信道的能量消耗问题,次用户能够同时感知和接入多个主用户信道并把对主用户的干扰维持在一定的范围内。为了减少能量消耗,需要对感知时间、信道以及功率进行合理的分配,同时,把干扰功率作为约束条件以保证主用户的服务质量。在基于多用户多信道感知的频谱共享方案中,所建立的初始优化问题为非凸整型组合分式规划问题,为了对感知时间、信道及功率进行联合优化,将其进行凸松弛并进一步转化为一个含参数的线性问题,从而提出一种最小化能量消耗的算法。通过实验仿真讨论次用户数量,信道数量及干扰功率对能量消耗和最优感知时间的影响,同时也验证了分析结果。     

The Lived Experience of the Adolescent Sex Offender: A Phenomenological Case Study

Treatment for adolescents with sexually maladaptive behaviors is a continuing intervention that is changing and developing as greater understanding about this population of adolescents is obtained. The majority of treatment programs for adolescent sexually maladaptive behavior contain programming components that include cognitive distortions/thinking errors. Interviews including a conceptual mapping exercise were conducted with four adolescents adjudicated to a secure care program for sexual behaviors. All four boys completed an interview and a conceptual map of their perceived experiences as an adolescent with sexual maladaptive behaviors. All interviews were audio recorded. Analysis of the interviews and conceptual mappings yielded five themes present in the boys’ experience as well as a consideration of the role early trauma may have in the establishment of cognitive distortion development. Contributing environmental and familial factors also play an important part in sustaining cognitive distortion. Main themes include: loss of responsible father or father figure, inability to regulate emotion, lack of personal and parental boundaries, and early exposure to pornography. The contributing influence of responsible male father figures may play an even greater role in the lives of young males than originally thought. How the adolescent inaccurately perceives his environment—in essence what he tells himself and continues to tell himself to make sense of his world—are building blocks in the development and continuation of thinking errors/cognitive distortions used to commit and justify sexual offending behaviors.     

Schema via Structure? Personal Network Density and the Moral Evaluation of Infidelity

This article considers whether the density of a person's social network is related to his/her moral attitudes toward infidelity. Integrating recent sociological thinking on moral schemas with network theory's insights about deviance and structural independence, I employ data from a representative sample of American men aged 57–85. Findings indicate that men with the densest personal networks are least likely to condone infidelity. This association, moreover, was independent of men's education, their beliefs about religion and sex, and attitudes about their partners, among other factors. The findings imply an affinity between micro‐social structure and moral judgment, suggesting that network density can help constrain even the expression of moral attitudes.     

Missionary Kid Career Development: A Consensual Qualitative Research Investigation Through a Social Cognitive Lens

Repatriated, young adult children of international missionaries (missionary kids [MKs]) face unique challenges in education and career development. The authors conducted a consensual qualitative research investigation, grounded in social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986 ), as it informs social cognitive career theory, of career planning and decision making with 11 repatriated MKs. Participants ranged in age from 19 to 23 years (58% female, 67% Caucasian) and had repatriated to the United States between the ages of 14 and 19 years, spending between 4 and 19 years abroad. The authors' interpretation of the study findings led to a context‐specific revision of Bandura's ( 1986 ) Triadic Reciprocality Model. That is, regarding career development, faith intersects environmental variables, personal attributes, and overt behaviors in unexpected and multidimensional ways. Recommendations for researchers and practitioners include (a) attending to issues of sociocultural adaptation, (b) continuing to offer empirically supported (standard) career services to MKs, (c) using contextual and developmental approaches, and (d) inquiring about faith and calling.     

Recognising the agency of people with dementia

People with dementia have been assumed to possess weak or even no agency, so this paper provides a novel contribution to academic debate by examining their actual potential for agency. The author draws on findings from a qualitative study of everyday decision-making by people with dementia that aimed to identify the role of social factors (such as gender) in influencing their involvement in decisions. Whilst decision-making constitutes a form of deliberative agency, the research also identified when agency was alternatively habituated, embodied or emotional. The Economic and Social Research Council-funded research was undertaken in the North of England. Existing theoretical perspectives on agency are critiqued, particularly in relation to rationality, language and individualised agency. The study highlighted that people with dementia who lack deliberative capacity can nonetheless demonstrate creative capacity for agency. A more expansive concept of agency is needed in social science theory that is informed by the experiences of cognitively disabled people.