Effets des compétences sur l’emploi: les enseignements de l’Évaluation des compétences des adultes (PIAAC)

À partir d'une enquête internationale qui évalue les compétences cognitives, l'auteur étudie les effets de celles-ci sur l'emploi dans 32 pays. En moyenne, l'augmentation du niveau de numératie d'un écart type accroît la probabilité d'avoir un emploi de 8,4 points de pourcentage, et réduit celles d'être en inactivité ou au chômage de 6,4 et 2,1 points respectivement. Après contrôle des effets de la numératie, l'effet du nombre d'années de scolarité diminue de 2,7 points à 1,8 point. En particulier, les effets des compétences sur l'emploi sont plus marqués dans les pays où le chômage est plus élevé.     

Causal Thinking and Computer Literacy

Summary

Professional practice in the human services often is based on implicit theories of causality regarding assessment of a problem and related interventions in a client's life. Complex applications of computing to this kind of professional activity require literacy about the underlying processes by which individuals make causal judgments. This paper presents a conceptual framework for understanding three components of causal thinking, the causal field, cues-to-causality, and causal theories, and their relationship to computing applications. For each component, several cognitive heuristics are described that can help individuals understand the components of causal thinking and link them to computer applications that might enhance the quality of professional practice.     

Progressive Muscle Relaxation

ABSTRACT

Progressive muscle relaxation [PMR] was first identified by Jacobson in 1934 as tensing and releasing of 16 muscle groups. Wolpe adapted it for use with systematic desensitization in 1948 and Bernstein and Borkovec in 1973 studied adjustments to the technique to fit cognitive behavioral stress management. Some of these adjustments are: 7 and 4 muscle groups, relaxation through recall, recall and counting, and counting. Empirical evidence supports the use of PMR in high level tension responses and mind body techniques such as: reducing tension headaches, insomnia, adjunct treatment in cancer, chronic pain management in inflammatory arthritis and irritable bowel syndrome. This article analyzes the development of PMR, reviews current research, and discusses the implications to social work practice.     

法官为什么倾向于认可控方案卷——一个认知角度的实证考察

中国刑事审判实践的一个重要特征,就是法官在事实认定时倾向于认可控方案卷。导致这一特点的因素相当多样,除了学界已提到的诸制度因素外,从认知角度来看,其实还与法官的有罪假设、政法职业认同、对事实可靠性的常识性观点、完成工作任务的心态等内容紧密相关。     

Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for DSM-IV Sexual Dysfunctions in Breast Cancer Survivors: Predictors of Treatment Response

Abstract

Objectives: We evaluated factors predictive of the effect of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in breast cancer survivors with a sexual dysfunction. Methods: Fifty-five women completed questionnaires assessing sexual functioning and distress at baseline and post-CBT. Results: Higher therapy compliance and better partner baseline sexual functioning predicted better post-CBT sexual functioning. Higher therapy compliance and higher partner relationship satisfaction predicted lower sexual distress. Therapy compliance, in turn, was predicted by active partner involvement in therapy and a stronger therapeutic relationship. Conclusions: To increase the effect of internet-based CBT, we recommend partner involvement in therapy and establishing a strong therapeutic relationship.     

功能性IT产品首次试用和重复试用对消费者态度的影响有什么不同？

随着技术的发展，许多创新型IT产品的功能，消费者很难一看便知。对于这些产品而言，产品试用被看作一种十分有效的市场推广手段。但是，以往的研究主要关注消费者初次试用产品的情境，并没有分析当消费者重复进行产品试用时，影响他们产品态度的内在因素有何不同。因此，针对这一研究缺口，论文采用现场研究方法，分析消费者初次试用和重复试用时的行为特征以及消费者态度变化的不同内在机制。本文的研究结果弥补了以往研究主要关注消费者初次试用产品，对重复试用研究不足的缺陷，并对厂商产品试用的营销设计提供了建议。     

心智哲学视域下语义范畴构建的意向性分析

为研究语义范畴构建的意向性，通过对认知语言学范畴化的相关研究发展回顾以及心智哲学意向性的概念厘清，利用案例分析与比较论证研究法，以心智哲学的意向性为基本工具，重点探讨认知语言学中范畴化的意向性问题。研究发现，认知语言学认为范畴化是人类认知和概念化的结果，而人类有意向性的认知是具有普遍性的；从事物的多维性来考察，范畴化不但遵从了意向性的选择，而且在意向性的“利己”“方便”关照下，在范畴层次的构建中，功能维度较为凸显；认知语言学研究的基本层次范畴、上位范畴和下位范畴，能够满足人们日常生活交流活动的需要，所以语言表达中选择世俗范畴化，而摒弃科学范畴化，其实也体现了某种意向性。     

英语不规则形态习得的认知机理研究

英语不规则形态包括三类：动词的过去式或过去分词的不规则变化,名词复数的不规则变化和形容词比较级和最高级的不规则变化。本文阐释英语不规则形态习得的两种不同的认知解释理论：单机制理论与词汇—规则理论。同时基于Jean Berko-G leason等语言学家对儿童语言习得中处理不规则形态产生＂泛化现象＂的研究,利用修正过的实验模式对中国大学生英语不规则形态习得情况进行试验,试图验证英语的不规则形态呈现规则化变化的趋势。     

The Role of Physical Context,Verbal Skills,Non‐parental Care,Social Support,and Type of Parental Discipline in the Development of ToM Capacity in Five‐Year‐Old Children

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of family context on the performance of 5‐year‐old children (N = 70) in theory of mind (ToM) tasks. The children's performances were assessed during individual sessions held at school. Children's verbal skills were assessed using the Peabody picture vocabulary test (PPVT). Interviews were also conducted with parents in the family home in order to gather sociodemographic data and to assess diverse variables of the family context. In addition to confirming the important role played by children's verbal skills in ToM, the results also supported a potential influence of family context in ToM development through variables, such as quality of non‐parental care or level of social contact and support. The educational implications of these results are discussed in relation to family intervention.     

语言哲学视域中的体认象似观

以体验哲学为基础的体认象似观在语言哲学及在语言教育领域思潮中的作用日益得到认同。本文通过分析体认象似观使得语言研究视角变得更为辩证的三大原因:跨越了哲学界理性与感性两端,深化了语言符号任意性与象似性的辩证关系,并且在新兴语言学中突显了建构主义与人本主义的思潮,解读了它在语言哲学视域中的价值。