Supply Chain Strategies and International Tax Arbitrage

What motivates the geographic footprint of the supply chains that multinational firms (MNFs) deploy? Traditional research in the operations and supply chain management literature tends to recommend locations primarily based on differentials in production costs and the ramifications of physical distance ignoring the role of taxation. MNFs that strategically position parts of their supply chains in low‐tax locations can allocate the profits across the divisions to improve post‐tax profits. For the profit allocation to be defensible to tax authorities, the divisional operations must possess real decision authority and bear meaningful risks. Generally speaking, the greater the transfer of risk and control, the larger the allowable allocation of profit. These transfers may also create inefficiencies due to misalignment of business goals and attitudes toward risk. We model these trade‐offs in the context of placing in a low‐tax region a subsidiary that oversees product distribution (as a limited risk distributor commissionnaire, limited risk distributor, or fully fledged distributor). Our analysis demonstrates that the MNF's preferences regarding the operating structures are not necessarily an obvious ordering based on the amount of risk and decision authority transferred to the division in the low‐tax jurisdiction. We derive and analyze threshold values of the performance parameters that describe the main trade‐offs involved in selecting an operating structure. We find some of the optimal decisions to exhibit interesting non‐monotone behavior. For instance, profits can increase when the tax rate in the low‐tax jurisdiction increases. Numerical analysis shows that the Limited‐Risk Distributor structure is rarely optimal and quantifies when each alternative dominates it.     

“营改增”政策试点的市场初步评估

会计市场咨询表明,＂营改增＂政策是一个相当积极的信号,对于上海行业细分和服务外包的发展、尤其是总部经济的发展有重大的推动作用。但从政策实施的实际效果看：首先受益的是制造业服务业分离企业,部分服务企业实际税负尚未降低;部分中资企业对于政策的了解较为局限,不懂得如何从＂营改增＂中获益;没有完整会计账册的小微企业无法享受增值税抵扣带来的税负减轻,反而由此在同业竞争中与大中企业相比丧失了部分议价竞争能力。针对上述问题,应采取相应的对策措施逐步加以解决。     

Foreign aid and domestic taxation: multiple sources,one conclusion

There are influential studies that argue that foreign aid displaces domestic tax revenue when it is given in the form of grants. These claims are based on data that are deeply problematic: several different sources are amalgamated into one dataset, with no apparent checks on compatibility. In this article, a variety of econometric strategies are used to overcome these issues of data quality. The resulting weight of evidence points to a modest but positive effect on the part of foreign aid generally on domestic tax revenue. Fears over a negative effect for aid grants appear unwarranted, and are accounted for by the inappropriate use of data or endogeneity issues.     

全球化进程的正反方、分野及其转化

本文试图从国际政治经济学的视角考察全球化之动力与反冲。全球化既造就了赢家,也产生了输家。有理由认为,那些从全球化进程中获益相对较多的国家或社会群体,将成为全球化的坚定支持者,从而推动进一步的开放。反之,那些因全球化而受损的国家和群体,很可能成为全球化的反对力量。尽管如此,赢家与输家的分野并非一成不变。如果各国政府能够以行之有效的政策手段来调和赢家与输家之间的分歧和对抗,那么全球化面临的反对力量就有可能被转化为动力。     

中国房地产税制:存在问题与改革设想

在现代市场经济条件下,房地产税制具有十分重要的功能。现阶段中国房地产税制存在房地产税收功能分散,房地产税种设置交叉重叠现象突出,计税依据不符合国际惯例,房地产保有环节税负偏轻和房地产税权分布结构不合理等问题。中国房地产税制改革已进入基础性制度建设阶段,必须按照"宽税基、简税种、低税率"的原则,实现房地产开发流转环节税收为主向房地产保有环节税收为主的房地产税制转型,去土地财政化,这就要适时开征房产税。开征房产税可以分两步走,近期对居民新购商品房超免税标准部分征收房产税,中长期覆盖到居民已购存量房地产。     

应慎言“以产业优惠代替区域优惠”

在促进后发展地区经济发展的过程中,世界各国普遍将税收区域优惠政策作为刺激投资的主要措施,我国在东南沿海开发、开放初期也不例外.在区域税收优惠方面,按“经济特区——经济技术开发区——沿海经济开放区——内地”梯度递减的方式体现,使东南沿海地区享受的税收优惠待遇远高于其他地区,形成了我国税收区域优惠政策的格局.经过三十多年的开发、开放,已造就了长三角、珠三角、环渤海地区三大增长极,其发展态势和增长速度受到全世界的关注.税收区域优惠政策对东部地区的发展发挥了巨大的刺激作用,造就了一批民族品牌,扩大了社会就业,促进了居民生活水平的大幅提高.目前,在我国应实行税收区域优惠政策从东南沿海向中西部地区的转移,而不应简单的“以产业优惠替代区域优惠”或“淡出税收区域优惠政策”.     

税法的政策功能分析

税收政策是国家经济管理职能与市场经济互动作用之下的产物,是国家宏观调控的根本性内容之一。税法是实现国家税收政策的根本手段,税法的功能蕴藏于税法的具体内容里,并反映于外在税法的作用之中。其中,税法最直接的、最基本的功能是借助税法的权威性以贯彻、落实和实现国家税收政策。从本质上说,税法的实施就是税收政策的实现。目前,我国税收制度架构显然不能体现税法与税收政策的内在联系。故对税法进行政策分析以适应市场经济的发展,迫在眉睫。     

税收筹划在我国的发展现状及对策分析

目前企业税收筹划在我国方兴未艾,它不仅引起了理论界的重视,也引起了税务部门的关注。文章在阐述我国税收筹划发展现状的基础上,分析了其发展的制约因素,并提出了政府及税务机关、企业、税务代理中介机构、税收筹划理论研究工作者等四类主体在促进税收筹划业务发展的对策建议。     

试点营业税改增值税对企业的影响分析

当前我国正处于加快转变经济发展方式的攻坚时期,大力发展第三产业,尤其是现代服务业,对推进经济结构调整和提高综合实力具有重要意义,按照建立健全有利于科学发展的财税制度要求,将营业税改增值税,有利于完善税制,消除重复征税,降低企业税收成本,增强企业发展能力。     

电子商务间接税法律制度的国际比较及其对我国的启示

通过对世界各国对电子商务间接税立法态度与实践的分析,进行了电子商务间接税法律制度的国际比较,从而得出了对我国电子商务税收法律制度构建的启示.