Collective violence as social control

Collective violence is often social control: self-help by a group. It typically defines and responds to conduct as deviant. When unilateral and nongovernmental, it appears in four major forms—lynching, rioting, vigilantism, and terrorism—each distinguished by its system of liability (individual or collective) and degree of organization (higher or lower). Following Donald Black's paradigm of pure sociology, the central assumption is that collective violence varies with its location and direction in social space—the conflict structure. I offer ten propositions that predict and explain the likelihood and severity of collective violence in general and the four forms of collective violence in particular. Conflict structures with a high degree of relational distance, cultural distance, functional independence, and inequality between the adversaries are associated with collective violence in general. Each of the four forms depends on the degree of social polarization between the parties as well as the continuity of the deviant behavior to which the violence responds. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, August 1992, and the Centennial Congress of the International Institute of Sociology, University of Paris (Sorbonne), Paris, June 1993.     

文学史作家并称刍论

本文从中国文化乃至世界文化的大背景下,对中国文学史上作家并称的现象作了宏观的审视,试图揭示其产生的根源并论述其作用与特点,为文学史的研究提供一个新的视角。     

高校异地办学实现学科建设跨越式发展刍议

文章结合高校异地办学的实践经验,从10个方面论述了高校异地办学如何实现学科建设上的跨越式发展问题。     

王夫之行政思想研究

王夫之充分认识到了民众在政治生活中的重要性，认为应该对民众施以宽松的政治，用宽厚的政策来休养人民。为了保障宽以养民目的的实现，王夫之主张要“严以治吏”。本文对王夫之的“严以治吏”的思想做了初步的探讨。首先从四个方面介绍了其“严以治吏”思想的主要内容，在此基础上，又从三个方面分析了其思想的进步意义，最后还对其思想的局限做了实事求是的分析。     

论基因时代知识产权的法理革命

生物技术的飞速发展使人类进入到一个全新的时代———基因时代,与基因有关的知识产权保护问题凸显出来。为此,有必要确立新的知识产权保护体系,即从知识产权的主体、客体、性质、立法思路等方面推进这场知识产权的法理革命。     

《土地管理法》中征地条款的缺陷研究

研究目的:分析《土地管理法》中征地条款存在的缺陷,为我国土地征用中出现的问题寻找法律原因。研究方法:文献资料法和实证分析法。研究结果:《土地管理法》中有关征地的条款总体上具有时滞性,某些分项存在不完整性和不合理性。研究结论:我国土地征用中存在的问题很大程度上归因于《土地管理法》的不完善。     

Detection of biotic responses to urbanization using fish assemblages from small streams of western Georgia,USA

We examined relationships between stream fish assemblages and land use alteration associated with urbanization in 15 lower Piedmont watersheds along an urbanization gradient north of Columbus, western Georgia. Based on land cover data from 2002 Landsat 7 TM imagery aerial photos, streams drained watersheds that were largely urban, developing (suburban), agricultural (pasture), managed pine forest, and unmanaged mixed-forest. We quantified fish seasonally from 3 run-pool segments in each stream, and used a variety of metrics as response variables in analyses of relationships between fish assemblage structure and land use and natural basin variation. In general, Georgia-Index of Biotic Integrity (GA-IBI) values, Bray-Curtis faunal similarity of streams to mean conditions within reference streams, proportions of fish as lithophilic spawners, and fish lacking eroded fins, lesions, tumors decreased with increasing urbanization. Multiple regression indicated that assemblages were explained by a combination of land use and natural basin variables (basin size, average discharge, nearest distance to a larger downstream tributary [colonization source]), with land use variables being important predictors of summer assemblages and natural basin variables being more important in winter and spring assemblages. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations revealed strong separation between assemblages in urban watersheds and forested watersheds, whereas assemblages in agricultural and developing watersheds were intermediate between those in urban and forested watersheds. Our data suggest that fish are reliable indicators of anthropogenic disturbance at the landscape scale, at least seasonally, and may be used to forecast the magnitude of landscape-level changes in stream structure and function associated with the conversion of forests to urban/suburban land in the Southeast.     

析"先发制人"战略对国际法治的冲击与影响--兼评联合国集体安全体制改革

"先发制人"战略,即美国所称的"预防性自卫权",给国际法治特别是给<联合国宪章>以及以宪章为基础的集体安全体制带来了巨大的冲击和影响,使联合国一度出现边际化的危险."先发制人"战略是国际法治多边力量发展失衡的产物.面对与<联合国宪章>制定时期完全不同的当今国际社会,如何完善宪章,合理发展国际法,成为摆在联合国面前的一项重要任务.     

饶漱石与华东新区土地改革

1950-1952年,华东新区开展了土地改革运动。华东新区土改与北方老区土改相比显示出政策水平相对高一些的特点。在中共中央的指导下,中共中央华东局所采取的土改方针及处理地主阶级和与土地有关的工商业者的土地财产、保存富农经济、划分阶级成分、土改干部必须遵循的纪律、发展农业生产等方面的政策措施,是华东新区土改得以顺利推进和胜利结束的中心环节。当时,饶漱石担任中共中央华东局第一书记、华东军政委员会主席,华东新区土改是在他的领导下进行的。饶漱石在制定华东新区土改的方针政策措施和领导华东新区土改中做出了一定的贡献。饶漱石后来在“高饶反党联盟”事件中犯了严重的错误,中共中央对饶漱石所犯错误的处理是正确的,但饶漱石在领导华东新区土改中的贡献应该给予肯定。     

水利碑刻与中国近代水权纠纷解决

水利碑刻记录了水权运作的细节及规律,对我们探讨近代水权纠纷解决具有重要史料价值。碑刻通过对以往水权案件的宣示,不仅可形成水利社会公认的价值观念,也可起到预防、遏制水权纠纷的作用。如果不发生纠纷,水利碑刻是水权运行的章程、规则,以警告、宣示等手段,维护正常水权秩序的运行;如果发生了纠纷,就不仅是处理纠纷的证据,还是处理纠纷的法律、准则。就形式而言,水利碑刻是传统的,甚至有点古老,但是,它仍对近代,乃至当代水权纠纷的解决具有一定借鉴价值。