试论社会与社群的概念界限

应当以R·M·迈基文 (Maciver)的community和society的定义为基本出发点 ,结合卡尔·马克思对gesellschaftlich和sozial的哲学理解和当代学者所作的阐释 ,对社会与社群两个概念做重新规定并论证两者应有的相互关系 ;同时应尽快改变我国长期以来用一个汉语名词翻译commu nity和society两个重要概念的现状 ,建立以society为特有研究对象的学科体系     

Speciation, its ecological and biogeographical consequences

I studied the effect of treehole (microhabitat) size distribution in local habitats on geographic difference in aquatic metazoan community structure by comparing differences between two sites on Iriomote Island, and between Iriomote Island (subtropical) and Tsushima Island (temperate), in southwestern Japan. In treeholes at each local site, the amount of litter, the species richness and total biomass of metazoa were positively correlated with treehole capacity. Between the two sites on Iriomote Island (Shirahama and Komi), the amount of litter, biomass and species number per treehole was greater at Komi where the mean and variance of treehole size were greater, while the dependencies of these parameters on treehole capacity were common to both sites. Total species number was larger at Komi (2 predators and 20 saprophages) than at Shirahama (1 predator and 19 saprophages). Most of the dominant taxa colonized larger treeholes with higher probabilities, although one taxa showed the opposite trend. Treeholes on Tsushima were smaller than those on Iriomote. The metazoan fauna in treeholes consisted of 15 saprophages on Tsushima, being less richer than that on Iriomote Island which had 2 predators and 21 saprophages. However, the dependencies of litter amount and biomass on treehole capacity did not differ significantly between the islands, although treeholes on Iriomote harbored a greater number of species per treehole than those on Tsushima. This study indicated that there are general correlates between community structure within individual treeholes (infracommunity structure) and treehole capacity (microhabitat size). Therefore, microhabitat-size distribution is potentially a significant constraint of local community structure, and its variation may contribute to the variation in local and regional species richness.     

"人力资本论"中的劳工迁移观分析

二战结束后,随着美国科技革命的展开和经济结构中服务业的崛起,美国从20世纪50年代开始出现了经济繁荣和社会失业率并行攀升的趋势。对此,以西奥德.舒尔茨为代表的经济学家通过实践和潜心研究,提出了颇有影响的人力资本论,其中关于劳工迁移的精辟论述具有很强的历史和现实性价值,但是,其中的局限性也十分突出,尤其是强调区域工资差异的论述似有以偏概全之嫌。无论是在理论上,还是近现代史上的跨国移民以及二战后美国以劳工为核心的人口流动,都证明了该理论中的局限性。     

私法自治原则的基础

私法自治的原则萌芽于罗马法,产生于18、19世纪资产阶级革命的历史背景下,并被《法国民法典》以明确的条文确认。私法自治于18世纪末19世纪初得到法律的确认有其深刻的理论基础与实践基础:它奠基于当时的哲学、伦理学以及经济学的理论基础之上,又扎根于市民社会与政治国家分离的实践基础上。     

论社区共同体生成的政府培育主导路径

本文通过对朝阳区的实证研究,表明我国现阶段社区共同体的生成路径是政府培育主导。它的出现是历史发展的必然结果:在建国初期的单位共同体下,人们不仅缺乏结社传统,而且形成了对政府的依赖心理,致使我国社区共同体生成的主导方式一直是政府生成路径。但在现阶段,政府生成路径已经发生转变,变成了政府培育主导,而不是单位共同体下的政府控制主导,这体现了社区建设的发展方向是社区自治而不是社区控制。     

Coping Strategies and Relapse of Substance Abusers: A Case Study of the Therapeutic Community Program in Indonesia

The present study examined the ability of people with substance‐dependence problems to cope with stressful events and refrain from resuming alcohol drinking and the use of drugs. This study specifically examined the length of time that substance abusing‐residents spent in a state‐owned, residential‐based therapeutic community program at Lembang‐Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. A study sample of 68 residents completed a questionnaire with four sections. The results of this study showed no significant differences in the scores rating the coping behavior of the residents according to the length of stay in the program. This study also found no significant differences in the Coping Behavioral Inventory scores of the residents according to the level scores of total Coping Strategy Inventory. It is important for social workers to understand the relationship between the length of stay of residents and their ability to cope so that they can effectively engage in intervention work with individuals with substance‐dependence issues who participate in the therapeutic community.     

无边落木萧萧下——读《野鬼的年代》

平行关系是国家谱系与社区空间发生关联的机制线索。然而,这个包围社区的外来的国家魅影,替换为户外的陌生的野鬼的造访,说是一种“国家的谱系学”。在这样的时代条件下,野鬼是一种空间的中介,弥合了社区与国家之间的物理关系,人们在喂养、哺育的生育经验中既诓骗鬼,又招待鬼,直到将其送走……正如作者所说：驱邪仪式是一种精妙的精神艺术。驱邪仪式负担着责任与压力、威胁与恐惧,也许,与傈倮坡的人一同加入送行的路线,为的是接受特殊的仪式治疗,放开记忆之手。     

“A stitch in time”: group work during the covid-19 scare in the Nicobar Islands,India

ABSTRACT

When India suddenly went into its first coronavirus-induced nationwide lockdown in March 2020, several members of a historically isolated indigenous community in the eastern Indian ocean- the Nicobarese, began to panic. Their leaders came together and formed a group to boost community solidarity and helped the vulnerable indigenes to safely navigate through the crisis. In these uncertain times of Covid-19, when the “modern” world appears more fissured than ever, leaving its “others” to fend for themselves; the Nicobarese’s group has set an example for everyone to follow.     

Imagined mosque communities in Russia: Central Asian migrants in Moscow

ABSTRACT

The article aims to shed light on mosque communities in Russia through the example of mosques frequented by Moscovites and by Central Asian migrants. I will make use of Anderson’s theoretical framework of ‘imagined community’ in analysing the material presented in the article. The main argument is that there are no real mosque communities and rather that the sense of community formed around mosques is imagined. There are nevertheless a variety of networks, groups and institutions within and around mosques. The article is based on fieldwork conducted in 2016 and 2017.     

Determinants of consistent,timely, and active responses in corporate crises

This paper investigates the individual and combined factors affecting the extent to which corporations respond to crisis events consistently, in a timely manner, and actively. The determinants examined include public relations autonomy, legal dominance, strategic orientation, and organizational factors. A survey was conducted of communications mangers, public affairs personnel, and public relations personnel, drawn from the top 500 companies operating in Taiwan. Results indicate that the relative effect of individual sources of influence on crisis response is greatest for situations in which public relations departments have the most autonomy, followed by those where crisis management is handled with a strategic orientation, those where the legal departments dominate, and those where organizational factors provide the main avenue of address. The results emphasize the intriguing role of public relations autonomy by demonstrating its significant impact on providing a consistent, timely, and active crisis response. The strategic orientation of situation analysis also predicts a consistent response, whereas legal dominance predicts strategic ambiguity or inconsistent communication.