The validity of indices for rural health manpower needs assessment

Population-to-practitioner ratios have long been the primary index in the designation of health manpower shortage areas. This paper documents that application of the widely used population-to-dentist index results in understatement of the need for dental health manpower in rural areas. Through the analysis of utilization data collected from a statewide health screening program in Colorado, the practice of sole reliance on the population-to-dentist indices as an indicator of need was tested. Another measure, the area-(square miles) to-dentist ratio was formulated, examined, and found to be a more useful referent of the need for additional health manpower in rural areas. Utilization of dental services in sparsely settled rural counties of Colorado was unrelated to population-to-dentist ratios. A strong, statistically significant association of utilization with land area-to-dentist ratios was found. The findings of this analysis suggest a need for reevaluation of needs assessment methodologies used in the designation of health manpower shortage areas. Indices more sensitive to consumer circumstance than to the number of health care providers available must be considered.     

Using macro variables in program evaluation

This paper discusses the importance of using macro-level variables for program analysis. It is argued that three types of macro variables--cultural, economic, and demographic--provide a context for evaluation, and offer alternative explanations for the success or failure of a program. The problems of causality and availability of data are discussed. Macro variables are seen to be especially useful in "meta evaluation," and in integrating the results of specific program evaluations into general conclusions.     

The utilization of prevailing evaluation policy in the selection of performance measures

This study considers the problem of inferring a functional evaluation criterion from existing performance measure policies. The objective is to develop a rational basis by which to adaptively evaluate a current best set of performance measures from alternative sets. The analysis is based on a matrix approach for relating system characteristics to performance measures across a set of activities. A procedure for ranking measure combinations which are candidate implementation alternatives is devised using this matrix representation and cost information. An example illustrating the procedure is presented.     

Behavioral evaluation of a state program of deinstitutionalization of the developmentally disabled

The purpose of this study was to evaluate one phase of a statewide program of deinstitutionalizing developmentally disabled individuals. Forty adults who had spent a minimum of six months in community placements were evaluated with respect to changes in behavior associated with movement out of state institutions and into community settings such as group homes and day activity centers. Pre- and post-deinstitutionalization measures were taken with the Behavior Development Survey. Post-deinstitutionalization measures on Cataldo and Risley's Resident Activity Manifest were compared to the same measures obtained on 159 developmentally disabled individuals scheduled for deinstitutionalization. A consistent pattern of positive changes on both instruments favored deinstitutionalization, but changes could not be unequivocally attributed to movement out of the institutions per se.     

Pragmatic decisions in the evaluation of consumer satisfaction with mental health treatment

This article examines pragmatic choices which must be made in conducting consumer satisfaction assessment of mental health treatment. It is argued that choices involving sample, format, and procedure for examining satisfaction may influence the results of such research, and must be considered when creating or evaluating these efforts. These choices are examined in detail.     

Evaluating employee assistance programs. A review of methods, outcomes, and future directions

Renewed interest in assisting troubled employees has led to an upsurge in the development of employee assistance programs, coupled with demands for demonstrable effectiveness. This review examines the nature and scope of these programs, their administrative and methodological context, and the types and outcomes of evaluation studies conducted thus far. Proposals for improving future investigations through a number of different approaches and strategies are then made.     

我国上市公司盈余管理行为的实证分析

我国证券市场存在较为严重的盈余管理现象.针对该现象,本文从盈余管理动机出发,分析我国上市公司盈余管理的行为特征.本文采用管理后盈余分布法,研究了我国上市公司2001年至2003年净资产收益率(ROE)的分布特征,发现我国上市公司仍然存在很强的盈余管理动机,而且我国上市公司盈余管理的行为受到政府监管的影响.最后,本文在实证研究的基础上提出了治理盈余管理的几点建议.     

数字空间正义的理论内涵、缺失表象与弥合路径

数字空间是互联网集团代表的市场资本和掌握数字知识的技术精英共同塑造的新型社会空间,而数字空间正义就是对数字空间生产过程中出现的一系列空间异化现象的反思和批判,意指社会个体能平等公平地分配数字资源以及拥有充分数字权利。数字空间生产中,受市场资本和技术精英的共同支配和影响,数字空间日益沦为数字资本攫取剩余价值的空间,技术精英进行监视以及自我约束的规训空间,类型和功能均具明显单向度特征的同质空间,延续并再造新型社会不平等的区隔空间,进行免费劳动的剥削空间以及引导预售的消费空间。长此以往,数字社会日益沦为单向度社会,数字生活沦为单向度生活,人也日益丧失否定、批判和创新而成为单向度的人。为打造正义的数字空间,实现诗意的数字生活,须坚持数字空间生产的人本性和正义性取向,通过完善契合数字空间运行和发展的法律法规和伦理道德,规范数字资本时空运作以及生产复合型数字空间,再造专业型数字文化空间激发数字生活的集体记忆,秉承差异再造原则并保障主体数字权利,确保数字技术开发中价值理性和工具理性的平衡等路径予以实现。     

间接存在论:中国信息哲学对信息的独创解读

回顾信息概念的研究和探索历程,信息最著名的概念经历了从最初的熵和负熵的理论,到之后的差异说、形式说和状态说,从类反映说到意义和符号,再到计算信息和量子信息的学说,等等。虽然在这些理论中可以不同程度地看到客观信息的影子,但是只有中国信息哲学中的“间接存在”概念将客观信息世界予以了最清晰的揭示。早在40多年前,中国信息哲学就指出:“信息是标志间接存在的哲学范畴,它是物质(直接存在)存在方式和状态的自身显示。”后来,中国信息哲学又根据自己提出的信息形态分类理论,把“认识和实践主体对信息的主观把握和创造”也明确地纳入到关于信息本质的扩展性规定之中。近年来,中国信息哲学的最新发展,把存在、非存在,演化和时间,物质、信息和意识等纳入了信息哲学研究的统一框架,进而增加了对信息本质探讨的“物质世界与非存在世界的指向者”的新维度。由于在存在论层面揭示了信息的本质,中国信息哲学提出的间接存在论学说对人类哲学作出了全方位的独创贡献。