论二十世纪我国的汉英语音对比研究

20世纪30年代至40年代,赵元任等学者已经开始对英汉语音的异同进行研究.自那时起,英汉语音对比成了我国英汉语言对比研究的一个重要领域,涉及发音语音学、音位系统构成、语流中的音变、音节、音高体系以及重音和节奏等七个方面,其中绝大部分成果为英语和汉语普通话的语音对比分析,但也有一些成果是对英语和汉语主要方言的比较,个别成果从历时的角度对英汉语音的异同进行了讨论.尽管我们在英汉语音对比方面已经取得了一定的成绩,但依靠实验手段的研究十分不够,生成音系学的汉英对比也尚无人涉足,语音对比的成果推广以及语音对比与语言学其他领域研究的结合更需大大加强.     

大学英语教材"交互性"阅读活动比较研究

"交互性"阅读是一种新的阅读模式.它主要是由自然互动、内在动机、策略运用、冒险尝试等基本特征构成.近几年出版的国内大学英语教材均采用了这种"交互"式的阅读模式,但通过分析其中较有影响的 3套教材后发现阅读活动"交互性"程度差异很大,或是有些要素缺失,或是名不符实,因而有必要进行修正.     

Comparative Potency Method for Cancer Risk Assessment: Application to Diesel Particulate Emissions1

An estimation of the human lung cancer “unit risk” from diesel engine particulate emissions has been made using a comparative potency approach. This approach involves evaluating the tumorigenic and mutagenic potencies of the particulates from four diesel and one gasoline engine in relation to other combustion and pyrolysis products (coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke) that cause lung cancer in humans. The unit cancer risk is predicated on the linear nonthreshold extrapolation model and is the individual lifetime excess lung cancer risk from continuous exposure to 1 μg carcinogen per m³ inhaled air. The human lung cancer unit risks obtained from the epidemiologic data for coke oven workers, roofing tar applicators, and cigarette smokers were, respectively, 9.3 × 10^?4, 3.6 × 10^?4, and 2.2 × 10^?6 per μg particulate organics per m³ air. The comparative potencies of these three materials and the diesel and gasoline engine exhaust particulates (as organic extracts) were evaluated by in vivo tumorigenicity bioassays involving skin initiation and skin carcinogenicity in SENCAR mice and by the in vitro bioassays that proved suitable for this analysis: Ames Salmonella microsome bioassay, L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis bioassay, and sister chromatid exchange bioassay in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The relative potencies of the coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke emissions, as determined by the mouse skin initiation assay, were within a factor of 2 of those determined using the epidemiologic data. The relative potencies, from the in vitro bioassays as compared to the human data, were similar for coke oven and roofing tar, but for the cigarette smoke condensate the in vitro tests predicted a higher relative potency. The mouse skin initiation bioassay was used to determine the unit lung cancer risk for the most potent of the diesel emissions. Based on comparisons with coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke, the unit cancer risk averaged 4.4 × 10^?4. The unit lung cancer risks for the other, less potent motor-vehicle emissions were determined from their comparative potencies relative to the most potent diesel using three in vitro bioassays. There was a high correlation between the in vitro and in vivo bioassays in their responses to the engine exhaust particulate extracts. The unit lung cancer risk per μg particulates per m³ for the automotive diesel and gasoline exhaust particulates ranged from 0.20 × 10^?4 to 0.60 × 10^?4; that for the heavy-duty diesel engine was 0.02 × 10^?4. These unit risks provide the basis for a future assessment of human lung cancer risks when combined with human population exposure to automotive emissions.     

比较教育与批判

批判法在比较教育研究中有着重要的方法论地位。这种地位不仅体现在比较教育的学科发展中 ,也体现在比较教育的具体研究中。笔者以哲学批判思想为依托 ,提出了一般的比较教育研究批判模式 ,其核心成分有四 :比较教育的对象批判模式 ,立足点批判模式 ,过程批判模式和结果批判模式     

从后发优势视角看发展经济学的演化

从“后发优势”视角来理解和把握发展经济学的演进过程。从某种意义上说,发展经济学在很大程度上是随着对发展中国家后发优势及其对实现途径认识的不断深化而演进和发展的,其困境是由于未能找到将“落后”转变为“优势”的有效途径,其发展则是在不同思路的思想实验和发展实践中不断推进的。     

关于推进农业区域专业化生产的思考

农业区域专业化生产是现代农业的生产方式之一 ,是农业生产领域中分工与专业化发展在地域空间上的表现。逐步推进我国农业区域专业化生产对我国农业区域产业结构调整具有极为重要的意义 ,应作为我国农业生产区域布局调整的一个战略方向 ,各级政府对此都应予以高度重视并给予大力支持。     

论比较文学学科的形成与欧洲早期比较文学的关系

比较文学的早期是指比较文学的"史前史"与比较文学学科确立之前的中间"地带".学科确立后的比较文学,其许多特点在"早期"那里就已经形成.对"早期"进行研究,可以让我们更好地认识当下的比较文学.     

“斗阎王型”故事的比较研究

“斗阎王”型故事是个世界性的故事类型,在我国民间流播极广。文章通过古代典籍文本和当代采风记录文本的梳理和比较．大致勾勒出该类型及其亚型的结构特征与其流变轨迹,并简要分析了故事形成的文化背景与其文学价值．     

王宠惠法律思想与实践述评

王宠惠是我国近代著名的法学家，在法律理论方面有很高的造诣和独到的研究；在法律实践方面，他曾长期参与立法、司法工作，对我国近代法制的改革和建设有一定的贡献。文章就王氏在宪法、国际法、民法、司法建设等方面，对其法律思想和实践作一初步评述，以期为我国社会主义法制建设提供借鉴     

Two societies, one sociology, and no theory

This article shows the declining effectiveness of the sociological classics to make sense of the dramatically changing economy and society. However, the various 'post-something' analyses of such transformations, especially the post-modern emphases on language and discourse, are also shown to be inadequate. In their place the author advocates the use of various leitmotifs to establish certain constants, in order then to be able to describe and determine various patterns of variance. The article makes various recommendations for future sociology to be empirical and both diachronically and cross-sectionally comparative in order to comprehend those dramatic changes that currently surround us as sociologists. Sociology should establish such 'constants' and worry less about being 'theory-less'.