A probabilistic clustering method for data elements with normal distributed attributes

By considering uncertainty in the attributes common methods cannot be applicable in data clustering. In the recent years, many researches have been done by considering fuzzy concepts to interpolate the uncertainty. But when data elements attributes have probabilistic distributions, the uncertainty cannot be interpreted by fuzzy theory. In this article, a new concept for clustering of elements with predefined probabilistic distributions for their attributes has been proposed, so each observation will be as a member of a cluster with special probability. Two metaheuristic algorithms have been applied to deal with the problem. Squared Euclidean distance type has been considered to calculate the similarity of data elements to cluster centers. The sensitivity analysis shows that the proposed approach will converge to the classic approaches results when the variance of each point tends to be zero. Moreover, numerical analysis confirms that the proposed approach is efficient in clustering of probabilistic data.     

Different Pathways from Transformational Leadership to Job Satisfaction

Transformational leaders are known to inspire and motivate their followers, thereby leading to enhanced job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is an intellectual concept regarding individuals’ attitudes toward their jobs. This study asserts that the underlying mechanisms for transformational leadership to affect employee satisfaction are trust in the community, including the leader (that is, organization) and trust in the self, namely self‐efficacy. Leadership is specifically associated with continual transformations in the higher educational context, and collectivist cultures may manifest different processes underlying the transformational leadership–satisfaction relationship. This study investigated the mediating effects of trust and self‐efficacy on the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction. The study sample included academicians from a nonprofit higher education institution in Turkey. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction is fully mediated by both trust and self‐efficacy. The mediator effect of trust was shown to be stronger than self‐efficacy, which is assumed to be the result of the cultural context. The results are discussed in the context of employee satisfaction and cultural determinants of employee satisfaction.     

Self-efficacy enhanced in a cross-cultural context through an initiative in under-resourced schools in KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

This paper discusses the Khanyisa Programme, an initiative in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, where learners from under-resourced schools are supported by teachers and high achievers in Grade 11 and 12 from a previously advantaged state school under apartheid. A qualitative, evaluative study was undertaken to identify key elements in the ongoing success of the programme and collect participant suggestions for improvement. The findings, discussed within the framework of self-efficacy theory, identified enormous gains by Khanyisa learners, leading to vastly improved career prospects.     

Effects of Social Supports on the Career Choice Consideration of Chinese Farmers: A Social Cognitive Perspective

Drawing from social cognitive career theory ( Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994 ), this study explored social supports’ influence on the career choice consideration of farmers during China's current process of urbanization. A questionnaire was designed based on interviews with 140 people and a pretest with a sample of 419 participants. A total of 628 participants were involved in the formal questionnaire survey. Results indicated that social supports had a dual effect: Positive supports were indirectly related to career choice consideration through the mediation of career self‐efficacy, whereas negative supports were related to career choice consideration directly. Implications for future research and the development of a career guidance and social support system for Chinese farmers are discussed.     

“双积分”政策下汽车制造商竞争定价与减排策略研究

"双积分"政策的实施对汽车制造商的定价决策产生了重要影响。考虑卖方由同时生产燃油车和新能源汽车的制造商1和仅生产新能源汽车的制造商2组成,在消费者低碳偏好和价格竞争影响下分别针对制造商1对燃油车采取和不采取节能减排措施的情况,研究"双积分"政策下汽车制造商的定价策略和减排决策,探讨新能源汽车积分值和积分比例要求对政府和企业决策的作用效果。进一步,通过对不同情形的结果进行分析,得到"双积分"政策的出台、消费者低碳偏好及制造商采取节能减排措施对制造商定价和减排决策带来的变化,并通过算例分析验证了结论。研究结果表明:(1)"双积分"政策可以降低新能源汽车的价格,提高新能源汽车制造商的利润,促进燃油车主动减排。(2)当新能源汽车的需求价格弹性系数和需求交叉价格弹性系数处于较高水平时,政府要制定较高的每台新能源汽车积分值。(3)燃油车的油耗水平存在一个环境属性标准,当油耗水平低于一定值时,随着新能源汽车积分比例要求的不断增大,制造商1选择提高燃油车价格。(4)消费者低碳偏好是提高燃油车减排水平的重要因素,政府可以对减排技术先进的燃油车制造商进行低油耗认证,提高消费者低油耗燃油车需求,激励燃油车制...     

企业竞争优势本源的探析———核心竞争力的再认识

国内外学者从不同角度对核心竞争力进行了研究,其中真正深入竞争优势本源的思想却不多。核心竞争力作为企业竞争优势的来源,是通过企业文化力以及在企业文化力作用下产生的学习力和创新力三者的有机结合表现出来的,它分布于企业组织中,是持续地支撑企业竞争优势的能量源。     

制度竞争:从比较优势到竞争优势

现代经济学相关理论的一个暗含前提是把国际竞争的主体设为企业 ,对一个国家竞争优势的分析强调微观的物质技术效率层面。本文则在此基础上进一步论证一国政府作为独立的国际竞争主体 ,在国际竞争中获得的宏观层次的制度优势是微观层次竞争优势的前提。国际竞争包含以政府为主体的宏观层次的制度竞争和以企业为主体的微观层次的物质技术效率竞争两个方面的内容。其中 ,国际制度竞争在三个维度上进行 ,竞争绩效最终表现为三种制度优势的构建。在这种理论框架下 ,论文最后考察了中国的制度竞争态势     

区域文化传播的核心竞争力分析

文章首次尝试将经济学的核心竞争力理论运用到区域文化传播范畴内进行研究。文章分析了区域文化传播核心竞争力的形成,重点区分了区域文化传播的核心竞争力的几个特征,并对如何通过核心竞争力实现文化的有效传播提出了几点探索性的建议。     

新时期北京发展中小科技企业创业风险投资分析

创业风险资本是联接高新技术成果和生产力之间的桥梁,发展创业风险投资是促进高新技术产业发展的关键。针对北京创业风险投资业发展现状,根据发达国家的创业风险投资业的经验及创业风险投资理论,本文提出建立以国有资本为主导与民间资本为主体的融投资模式,构建多层复合资本市场体系,疏通退出瓶颈,改善投资主体内部治理结构,增强创业风险投资机构活力,加强北京创业风险投资运营管理。     

管理信息系统的新成员--竞争情报系统

竞争情报系统是建立企业管理信息系统的重要内容，是竞争情报工作的组织保障和物质基础，是企业获取内外环境信息的核心。本文从企业建立管理信息系统的角度，介绍了竞争情报系统的概念及建立竞争情报系统的重要性，重点论述了竞争情报系统的主要内容。