Non-parental childcare,time pressure and the gendered division of paid work,domestic work and parental childcare

What impact does out-sourcing childcare have on the time parents spend on paid work, domestic work and childcare, and how they share these tasks between themselves? Using data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Time Use Survey (TUS) 2006 we investigate the effects of formal and informal non-parental childcare on the time use of couples with children aged 0–4 years (N=348). We examine associations between non-parental care and (1) couples' combined time in paid work, domestic work and childcare, (2) parents' time separately by gender in paid work, domestic work and childcare (subdivided by activity type) and (3) parents' self-reported time pressure. Total workloads (the sum of paid work, domestic work and childcare) are neither higher nor lower when non-parental care is used, either for households combined or for each gender separately. The way time is spent, and how activities are divided by gender does differ, however. For mothers the use of any non-parental care and more hours in formal care is associated with more paid work hours, less childcare time and higher self-reported time pressure. Fathers' time is more constant, but they report higher subjective time pressure with increasing hours of formal non-parental care.     

Parenting Stress Among Adolescent Mothers in the Transition to Adulthood

This study assessed the existence and nature of parenting stress among 187 adolescent mothers over a period of two and one half years across their eldest child's preschool years. Although the majority of mothers did not report elevated levels of stress, approximately thirty percent of the sample reported clinically high levels of stress at any one of the six measurement points. Criticism from a parent regarding their childrearing and intimate partner violence were both found to be related to perceptions of parenting stress. Implications for practice, including the use of the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) as a clinical screening tool, are noted.     

论中美文化对小说《喜福会》中“女儿们”的影响和作用

小说<喜福会>中母女们的冲突与和好反映出中美文化对她们的影响和作用,阐明了这样的道理:当一个人置身于异国文化中,他可以适应、接受其影响和作用,并遵守其社会道德规范与行为准则,但是绝不可以使他的本国文化被其异化或同化,这是由种族血缘和传统的文化基因所决定的.否则,他将迷失自我,失去自身价值,最终为其所处的社会淘汰或者遗弃.     

古代皇太后“称制”制度存在、延续的基本原因

尽管先秦儒家经典强调"牝鸡之晨,惟家之索",但我国古代王朝在幼主继位时,长期实行的基本上仍是皇太后"称制",即掌握统治大权的制度。这是由于在家天下和君主专制制度下,皇太后"称制"具有最关心巩固幼主君位这一无可替代的优越主观条件所决定的。     

性别分层视角下福利对美国非裔单身母亲的影响研究 ——以20世纪六七十年代AFDC政策为例

20世纪六七十年代,美国抚养未成年子女家庭援助计划(AFDC)的支出规模出现大幅增长,非裔单身母亲接受福利援助的程度和范围扩大,但由于族群差异而构建出“他者”概念,使非裔单身母亲在女性群体内部受到阶级制度和种族制度在另外维度上的分裂,形成福利的差异化待遇以及“福利女王”的刻板印象,其面临的社会不平等实际上是性别分层下系统性种族主义的持续存在。AFDC福利政策的发展维持了美国非裔单身母亲基本的温饱,却无法从根源上解决其贫困问题。政府需要满足其现实性别需求以及战略性别需求,改变非裔单身母亲的社会从属地位,形成经济上独立自主的女性形象。这样才能消除她们所面临的结构性障碍。     

第二语言学习中的母语迁移及其教学意义

第二语言学习中的母语迁移问题始终为人们所关注。行为主义的对比分析理论、认知的创造性构建理论、乔姆斯基的普遍语法理论等从不同的角度对此做出了解释。而目前的母语迁移理论更关注认知机制以及情境因素的作用。教学中应正视母语在第二语言学习中的作用,以促进正迁移,减少负迁移。     

母性神话的解构与重建——论当代女性主义文学中的女性形象

母亲,是文学作品中历来歌咏的一个重要艺术形象,博大宽厚、无私奉献、不计得失,不知索取,温顺恬静,慈爱祥和,是传统母亲形象的一般特点。但20世纪八九十年代以后,传统母亲形象从天使堕落成恶魔,从恶魔演变成母性女儿、母性姐妹。     

和谐家庭背景下的婆媳互动解析

中国自古婆媳难和谐.回顾以往的婆媳关系研究,焦点主要在家庭伦理、父权制及性别差异等方面的探讨.在比较传统认知的基础上,认为家庭关系中心的变迁与中国人所特有的"自己人"心理是中国婆媳互动的预设性要素;而且,二者互动如同博弈,潜藏着实践理性.由此,在构建和谐家庭的背景下,探索了实现婆媳之间良好互动的基本路径.     

从贾母形象的塑造看曹雪芹的母亲崇拜

贾母是<红楼梦>中贾府的老祖母,是家庭中的掌权人物,是贾家家族秩序的重要支柱和象征符号.贾母出身富贵,恤贫怜老,博学多识,而且能够独当一面,具有卓异不凡的领袖才能.贾母女性统治神话的悲剧是男性文明衰落的必然,是女性的性别悲剧的宿命体现,也是贾母对自身生命质量超越的悲剧.贾母统治反映了曹雪芹潜意识中的母亲崇拜,同时也是民族精神和文化血脉的象征.     

如何协调教学中母语与外语的关系

当前国内母语与外语（特别是英语）的地位、相互关系以及各自的教学现状普遍存在着很多不容忽视的问题。如何在教学中处理好母语与外语的关系,已经成为外语教学与研究领域的一个热点话题。在从多个方面探讨了母语与外语的相互影响及国内外语教学现状之后,进而提出应从生态语言学的角度来看待各种语言之间的关系,特别是汉语和英语的关系,强调教师的文化修养和语言价值观是正确处理教学中母语与外语关系的重要因素。