Influences on Authorship Issues: An Evaluation of Receiving,Not Receiving,and Rejecting Credit

A survey on credit issues was conducted of academic chemists in Ph.D. granting institutions in the United States. Six-hundred faculty members responded representing 16% of the survey recipients. Fifty percent of the respondents reported not receiving appropriate credit for contributions they had made to published projects. Neither the number of years after receiving their Ph.D., their fields of expertise, their total number of publications, nor their total number of single-author publications showed any significant relationship with the perception of not receiving appropriate credit. Twenty percent of the respondents had discovered that they were an author of a paper, after that paper had been submitted to a journal. Forty-nine percent reported that they had asked to have their name deleted as an author. Relationships between these perceptions and academic background factors were examined. For example, respondents who had asked to be removed from authorship were more likely to give authorship or an acknowledgement to others and were also more likely to have had an authorship problem with others, both of these factors being related to longevity as a publishing scientist.     

Teaching Ethical Aptitude to Graduate Student Researchers

Limited time dedicated to each training areas, irrelevant case-studies, and ethics “checklists” have resulted in bare-bones Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) training for present biomedical graduate student researchers. Here, we argue that science graduate students be taught classical ethical theory, such as virtue ethics, consequentialist theory, and deontological theory, to provide a basic framework to guide researchers through ethically complex situations and examine the applicability, implications, and societal ramifications of their research. Using a relevant biomedical research example to illustrate this point, we argue that proper ethics training for graduate student researchers not only will enhance current RCR training, but train more creative, responsible scientists.     

Canadian policy on reporting breaches of research integrity: When should Research Ethics Boards be informed?

ABSTRACT

In Canada, institutions that receive research funding from the three federal granting agencies must establish research ethics boards (REBs) to review the ethical acceptability of research involving humans. Institutions are also expected to promote the responsible conduct of research, fostering researchers’ abilities to act with integrity in the conduct of their research. Where a researcher fails to act with integrity in research with humans, institutional policies and procedures of the U15, Canada’s most research-intensive universities, vary in the extent to which they involve their REBs in response to such breaches. Some make no mention of the REB, whereas others state that their REB should be provided with information relating to upheld allegations. In this paper, we argue that when allegations of research integrity breaches are corroborated, the institution’s REB should be identified as a party required to receive that information. Only then can REBs ensure compliance with research ethics standards, which is essential to maintain the public’s trust.     

A Brief History of RCR Education

Responsible conduct of research (RCR) education is now common throughout the United States, primarily in response to federal requirements beginning with the National Institutes of Health in 1989. Despite this long history, RCR education programs remain highly disparate, often with ill-defined content, format, and goals, and minimal evidence for effectiveness. However because it is widely believed that such programs can have value, it is hoped that a review of what is available, and how that came to pass, will highlight what has been done well and where gaps still remain.     

Commentary: Perverse Incentives or Rotten Apples?

Around 2% of the investigators admit to have falsified or fabricated data at least once. Also, 34% report to have been guilty to one or more questionable research practices, such as doing many statistical analyses and to publish only what fits their theoretical framework. Prevention of questionable research practices is very important. Universities should ensure that the training is in order and the research culture is adequate, and they should critically look at perverse incentives, such as a too high publication pressure, but also by ensuring proper guidelines, and by having a fair and transparent procedure for suspected violations of scientific integrity.     

明代关学学者刘玑学行述略

许宗鲁为明代关中学者刘玑撰写的墓志,是刘玑研究的重要资料。以往少有人关注此墓志,有必要以其为基础,结合明清史志、文集资料,全面梳理刘玑的生平履历,尤其是通过对刘玑师从关学学者李锦以及撰著《正蒙会稿》等史实的考订,使刘玑的关学学者身份得以确定。     

关于我国刑法不存在片面共犯的探究

关于片面共犯是否应以共同犯罪论处,理论界有肯定说与否定说之争。因果共犯论只是为共犯提供了处罚根据,并未实际解决片面共犯是否成立共犯的问题。肯定说和否定说的理论基础是行为共同说与犯罪共同说。以行为共同说为基础所推演的结论不具有唯一性,结合我国刑法的规定,应当从解释论上得出否定说的结论。片面共犯尽管在理论上可以成立,但是依据外国刑法解释出的结论并非一定能适用于我国的司法实践。     

Supplier code of conduct–state-of-the-art and customisation in the electronics industry

In the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR), one efficient way to improve the ethical behaviour of a company is the implementation of a code of conduct. When focused on suppliers, this code is referred to as the supplier code of conduct (SCoC). Specific, application-oriented research on SCoCs is rare. The main goals of the present article are to define the state-of-the-art in SCoCs and to show how this review can be used in industrial practice when defining a company-specific SCoC. This article uses the electronics industry as an example. The state-of-the-art review of the content of the SCoCs is structured in five main categories of issues: labour standards, health and safety, environment, ethics and compliance. The practical relevance of this review is demonstrated by applying it in the development of a customised SCoC for a company as a part of the company's corporate risk management activities. This review uses the content analysis of SCoCs based on the website disclosures of the Forbes Fortune 2000 (Technology Hardware & Equipment) companies; which yielded 24 SCoCs. The application was done in an action research framework with a partner company, and the results were verified with the help of a focus group consisting of 10 companies.     

浅议科技期刊编辑如何发现与防范学术不端行为

分析了学术不端现象产生的根源。从充分发挥出版合同的作用、利用各种检索数据库、坚持小专业对口送审、缩短发表周期4个方面对科技期刊编辑如何发现和防止学术不端行为进行了探讨。     

未成年人民事行为能力制度比较研究——兼论我国法上相关制度的改革与完善

未成年人民事行为能力制度是民法行为能力制度的主要组成部分,也是未成年人私法地位的重要表征。探讨未成年人的行为能力,主要是研究不同模式下的行为能力制度的构造对于未成年人实施的法律行为之效力具有何种影响。我国现行法上的未成年人行为能力制度基本上延续了三级制模式的作法,存在着严重的立法体系性矛盾、缺乏缓和行为能力之僵硬适用的具体条件等缺陷。在中国民法典制定的过程中应当增加"零用钱条款"、"营业条款"、"日常生活行为条款"等具体的缓和条款,来弹性化地处理和对待未成年人所实施的法律行为之效力。另外,将无行为能力人的行为效力改造为相对无效,即可缓和绝对无效之规定的严格性,也可限制国家在私法领域内的过多作为。