国际合作研究:流派争鸣、理论成果及局限

国际合作研究从兴起至今已有30多年。国际关系的三个主流学派——新现实主义、新自由制度主义和建构主义——基于对国际体系(结构和单位)的不同假定而做出不同的国家利益界定,演绎出了不同的国际合作解释。国际合作研究取得了一系列重要成果,初步形成了国际合作理论体系。思考三种合作理论的局限,可以尝试建立一种结合权力、认知、制度的综合解释模式。     

Where the Sidewalk Ends: The Limits of Social Constructionism

The sociology of knowledge is a heterogeneous set of theories which generally focuses on the social origins of meaning. Strong arguments, epitomized by Durkheim's late work, have hypothesized that the very concepts our minds use to structure experience are constructed through social processes. This view has come under attack from theorists influenced by recent work in developmental psychology that has demonstrated some awareness of these categories in pre‐socialized infants. However, further studies have shown that the innate abilities infants display differ in systematic and theoretically significant ways from adults' explicit knowledge. This paper moves beyond the constructionist/nativist dichotomy by outlining the complex relationships between innate intelligence and explicit knowledge. I end by suggesting that there are four, distinct ways the social world influences thought‐ facilitation, division, specification, and construction.     

Gay and Lesbian Youth:

No abstract available for this article.     

The Lens of Victim Contests and Youth Crime Stat Wars

In this article I examine Canadian youth crime debates as a way to explore the connection between “victim contests” and “stat wars.” I address how constructing young offenders as either victims or victimizers generates “victim contests,” which in turn serve as interpretive anchoring points shaping how youth crime statistics are interpreted. The numbers themselves do not matter, as underlying assumptions about young offender identity and culpability become a lens through which numbers are understood. In this sense, victim contests generate “stat wars,” involving numbers that act to “make up people.” I also explore some broader implications of these connections, especially given the increasingly actuarial responses to youth crime in late‐modern Western society.     

人类学对技术的研究与技术概念的拓展

哲学的目的 ,就是在批判性反思与分析的基础上 ,澄清那些人类借以描述其经验的基本概念。而技术哲学的目的 ,则是对那些借以阐明和表达我们关于技术的思考的概念与概念框架进行批判性的反思与分析。从知识的角度看 ,技术哲学的正当性表现为技术本身就是哲学反思的一个有趣主题 ,知识的惊异性是其哲学反思的主要驱动力 ;从实用的角度看 ,技术哲学的正当性表现为技术在现时代作为一个焦点的象征与隐喻性意义已不言而喻 ,它成了问题之源 ,也折射着所有的问题。因此 ,技术的发展带来了关于技术的种种争论 ,如对新的技术可能性 (如克隆人 )的具体决策 ,以及对作为一个整体的技术发展的社会控制。这些争论显然有着直接的实用主义的尺度 ,其中渗透着不同的技术哲学有助于澄清的哲学假设与观念前提 (如技术是一种自主性的力量 )。毋庸置疑 ,虽然技术哲学面临边缘性的地位与体制化的举步维艰 ,但我们认为 ,技术哲学具有其广阔的发展空间与可能性 ,是一门极具成长潜力的哲学分支学科 ,抑或是当代哲学中一个极具竞争力的一般哲学研究纲领。事实上 ,在当今的中国技术哲学界 ,情形正在发生可喜的变化。2 0 0 0年 ,在清华大学召开的第八届技术哲学年会上 ,我提出了“哲学中的技术转向”的说法 ,得到了不少学者的认同 ;     

Individualism and conformity in the 1950s vs. the 1980s

If the 1950s are remembered for conformity, the 1960s for rebellious individualism, and the 1970s for narcissistic individualism, images of the 1980s contain an ambiguous mixture of individualism and conformity, with similarities to the 1950s. But if the 1980s resemble the 1950s in some respects, are portraits of individualism and conformity in the later decade nevertheless different from their earlier incarnations? A comparative analysis of best-selling self-help books in the 1950s and the 1980s reveals the following changes: from “maturity” as a desirable end to an ever-changing self; from determinism about the self to antideterminism and constructionism; from institutional constraints and joys to interpersonal ones. These changes reflect the incorporation of ideas from the counterculture of the late 1960s and early 1970s, and may also stem from perceptions of a simultaneous increase in structural determinism and individual empowerment.     

话语与心灵的社会建构——对当下话语社会建构论演进的初步考量

社会科学与实证主义的抗争从未停息过。当下的“社会建构论运动”正是反实证主义传统在后现代境况中的继续。因此,与其说“社会建构论”是一场运动,不如说它是不同历史时期的人们的一种共识。然而,在这一大的前提下,又存在有许多不同的主张。通过对社会建构论某些代表观点在社会科学中的发生及其在心理学中的发展进行梳理,可以探讨语言(或话语)与心灵实在间的内在逻辑是如何建构起来的;亦可以此来认识为什么社会建构论者在不同程度上都认为话语应该成为心理学研究的合法主题。     

Constructing ethnicity in interaction

In the present study, I continue ongoing efforts to incorporate social constructionist viewpoints into sociolinguistics by demonstrating how two interlocutors use linguistic resources to project and shape ethnic (and other facets of) identity in unfolding talk. The interaction is a sociolinguistic interview from a large‐scale sociolinguistic study of a rural tri‐ethnic community in the southeastern U.S. I examine a range of features and types of features and in addition use both quantitative and qualitative methods. Further, I examine the linguistic usages of both the researcher (the interviewer) and the research subject. The analysis confirms that identity is dynamic and multifaceted and is very much a product of ongoing talk, although pre‐existing linguistic and social structures also come into play. In addition, the analysis demonstrates that identity is dialogic as well as dynamic and that researchers play a large role in shaping the linguistic usages of those they study.     

从建构到反思:现代教育的意义追寻与实现

建构主义作为一种当代流行的思潮,因其对机械客观主义的批判与修正而日益得到认可,成为取代客观主义而指导教育的主流思想。然而,尽管建构主义相对于客观主义的进步性已毋庸置疑,但现实的教育活动中尚存在着大量对建构主义的误读与误用。通过对教育活动中的建构主义理念的反思,在批判建构主义的基础上提出了一种反思式的教育理念。     

Organizing for Tenants' Rights: Insights and Approaches From Both Sides of the Fence

The initial discussion includes musings about learning community organization as a graduate student in social work during the late 1970s and subsequently practicing as a tenant organizer in the inner cities of New York City. Three major areas are addressed: (1) the tensions between educational models of practice and community organizing; (2) the critical role of the organizer in constructing the problem and shifting perceptions of power and; (3) how confrontations with legitimate channels of power can foster the development of oppositional consciousness and thus promote social justice efforts. This article argues for greater educational emphasis on the claimsmaking role of community organizers because problem construction is inextricably tied to definitions of power and thus to its redistribution to exploited classes.