Perinatal factors related to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms 1–5 years following birth

BackgroundThe relationship between perinatal variables and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms was studied. However, the role of some variables in PTSD symptoms is unclear.AimDetermine the prevalence of PTSD symptoms after 1 year postpartum and their relationship with perinatal variables.MethodsA cross-sectional study with 1531 puerperal women in Spain. Data were collected on socio-demographic variables, perinatal variables (maternal characteristics, procedures during labour and birth, birth outcomes and time since birth) and the newborn. An online questionnaire was used, which included the Perinatal Post-traumatic Stress Questionnaire (PPQ). Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated using binary logistic regression.Findings7.2% (110) of the women were identified as being at risk for probable PTSD symptoms. Protective factors were having a birth plan respected (aOR 0.44; 95%CI 0.19−0.99), use of epidural analgesia (aOR 0.44; 95%CI 0.24−0.80) and experiencing skin-to-skin contact (aOR 0.33; 95%CI 0.20−0.55). Risk factors were instrumental birth (aOR 3.32; 95%CI1.73−3.39), caesarean section (aOR 4.80; 95%CI 2.51–9.15), receiving fundal pressure (aOR 1.72; 95%CI 1.08–2.74) and suffering a third/fourth degree perineal tear (aOR 2.73; 95%CI 1.27–5.86). The area under the model’s ROC curve was 0.82 (95%CI 0.79−0.83).ConclusionsWomen who experience a normal birth, are psychologically prepared for birth (for example, through use of a birth plan), experience skin-to-skin contact with their newborn, and had a sense of physical control through the use of epidural analgesia, are less likely to experience childbirth as traumatic.     

Does Contact Matter?: The Relative Importance of Contact in Predicting Anti-Gay Prejudice in Jamaica

ABSTRACT

Jamaica has been called one of the world’s most anti-gay countries. However, little empirical research has investigated methods of reducing this prejudice. Intergroup contact—(positive) interaction with someone from a different social group—is one of the most widely tested and strongly favored methods of reducing prejudice. However, the role of contact in this specific context is not clear, particularly the relative importance of contact compared to other variables that predict (less) prejudice. This current cross-sectional research investigated that question using a large, representative sample of Jamaican participants (N = 942). As in prior research, contact predicted less anti-gay prejudice, and the (negative) relationship between contact and anti-gay behaviors was mediated by intergroup anxiety and attitudes, even when other important predictors were taken into account. However, contact was a less important predictor than gender, education, or religiosity. Implications for intergroup contact and prejudice-reduction strategies in Jamaica are discussed.     

网购收货地侵权管辖地之理论证成

对于知识产权侵权类案件中的商品收货地是否具备管辖权这一问题，有观点认为网购商品收货地为合同履行地，也有观点认为是侵权行为地。上述观点是对民诉法司法解释第20条中的“信息网络方式”以及民事诉讼法第28条中的“侵权行为地”存在不当理解。如果认为网购收货地法院具备管辖权，则会与《民事诉讼法》中“两便原则”之立法精神相抵牾，同时也没有充分考虑到网络销售环境中知识产权侵权的特点。应当明确网络销售收货地并非网络环境下侵犯知识产权案件的管辖连接点。同时参考比较法上的做法，通过“最低程度联系”原则以及滑动标尺法Zippo交互性测量分析的方法，来判断被诉网站是否具有交互性特点，从而确定适合的管辖地。除此之外，立法和司法实践中也可以通过确定保护性管辖原则以及强化当事双方签订管辖协议等做法，来促进对该问题的化解。     

试论现代汉语外来词吸收方式的变化及原因

汉民族在吸收外来词的时候,创造了各种方式,并根据时代的变迁不断进行调整优化,对外来词进行吸收与融合,表现了中华民族、中华文化巨大的包容性、创新精神和对外来文化的融汇能力.现代汉语在吸收外来词的时候,由于语言、文化、社会的各方面原因,其吸收方式在各个时期也随之发生变化,表现在三方面:从纯音译(早期)到意泽;音译的表意化倾向;纯音译的回潮与字母词的涌现.这些变化的出现是由现代汉语的特点、文化心理和社会进步的影响等几个方面决定的,而面对当代外来词的一词多译现象,可以建立"柔性规范",采用"异形并存"和"异格并用"原则来解决.     

Isolation Within Isolation: A Solitary Century of African-American Vernacular English

The nature of language diversity in small, isolated communities is considered by examining a unique sociolingustic situation in which a one African-American family has resided for over 130 years on a small island community located off the Southeastern coast of the United States. The Anglo-American community maintained a distinctive dialect due to their isolation from the mainland United States, while the sole African-American family maintained a variety heavily influenced by African-American Vernacular English. Although some assimilation to the surrounding Anglo-American variety has taken place, a number of salient African-American Vernacular English features are still used by the single African-American resident of the island. At the same time, the most marked items of the Anglo-American Outer Banks variety have not been assimilated, thus demonstrating the symbolic exclusion of the African-American speaker from the Anglo community despite her life-long residency.     

表面氢化降低SiC/金属接触间界面态密度的机理

研究了SiC表面氢化降低界面态密度的机理。采用缓慢氧化、稀释的HF刻蚀、沸水浸泡的表面氢化处理方法,降低SiC表面态密度。该方法用于SiC器件的表面处理,在100℃以下制备了理想因子为1.20～1.25的6H-SiC肖特基二极管,其欧姆接触比接触电阻为(5～7)×10?3?·cm2。表面氢化处理的优点在于避免了欧姆接触所需的800～1200℃的高温合金,降低了工艺难度,改善了肖特基结的电学特性。     

Communicative Openness About Adoption and Interest in Contact in a Sample of Domestic and Intercountry Adolescent Adoptees

Adolescent intercountry (n = 122) and domestic (n = 40) adoptees and their adoptive parents were asked about their views on communicative openness. The adoptees were also asked for their thoughts on birth parents and contact. A modest association between communicative openness and feelings about adoptive status and self-esteem was found. Girls were more interested in many aspects of their adoptions than boys. Compared with the situation at 11 years of age, there was greater parent-child agreement on whether the child had difficulties talking about adoption. Nevertheless, at age 15, children were still nearly twice as likely to report difficulties talking about adoption issues than their adoptive parents realized. At the age of 15, the majority of the adoptees expressed a desire for contact with birth relatives, but this was a reduction from the numbers at age 11. They also reported finding it easier to talk about adoption issues than they did at the age of 11. The implications for policy and practice are discussed.     

《现代汉语词典》(第6版)新增外来词的特点与生成机制

词汇是语言接触中表明最为明显的一个层面。当社会之间发生接触的时候,久而久之,总会在词汇上借入一定数量的外来词。通过考察《现代汉语词典》(第6版)所收录新增外来词,我们可以明显地看到英语作为一种强势语言对汉语的影响,其中,字母词的大量被收入就是最直接的体现。外来词新词语的大量出现呈现了很多新的特点,符合语言变异原则、经济原则,具有一定的语用驱动因素。     

万维网的小世界效应探讨

在工程信息的长期安全保存和可靠调用过程中，存在着信息和其使用系统之间的兼容问题和对信息定期检查、移存、转化的时间和效率问题。目前国内外对这两类问题还没有可行的解决方法和技术。介绍了“六度分离”现象和经典的小世界网络模型，提出了WWW模型的架构，并在此基础上提出了万维网中任意两个网页间链接路径的搜索算法和计算万维网的特征路径长度，借此验证万维网具有小世界效应，为解决大量级和分散性信息的管理问题提供了可靠的科学依据。