Review Articles: Introduction

Florian Coulmas (ed.). The Handbook of Sociolinguistics (Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics, 4). Oxford: Blackwell. 1997. x + 532 pp.Cloth (0–631–19339–1) £#187;70.00.     

轮轨接触应力的有限元分析

利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对轮轨接触进行了弹性静力分析，模拟了轮轨真实的几何形状和边界条件，分别研究了轴重、轮径、横移量对接触应力的影响，并对各种参数的变化规律进行了分析，得出了轮轨间接触应力的分布规律。     

鉴真东渡及其影响

鉴真自唐赴日传播戒律是众所周知的史实,以鉴真东渡为线索可以窥视当时的日唐关系。鉴真僧团前五次东渡均试图利用民船,可以推测8世纪日唐之间存在着民间往来。围绕着鉴真至日后的授戒,僧侣间出现了对立,这与当时的政治状况密切相关。鉴真用来创建唐招提寺的寺地,是继承新田部亲王宅地的盐烧王被贬为臣籍之后被没收为官地的。鉴真携带的天台典籍是最澄创建天台宗的前提。鉴真东渡遭遇的苦劳昭示了日唐间渡航的危险。     

论网络交往的社会学意义

我国的网民数量急剧上升,网络行为日趋多元化,其中以网络交往最为引人注目。网络交往关系从本质上说是一种网络弱关系,系个人理性选择的结果,目的在于获取个人社会资本。     

A General Model for Exposure and Uptake from Consumer Products

To assess exposure to and uptake of chemical compounds from consumer products, a general model framework is proposed. The model framework separates exposure into the components contact, potential exposure, and potential uptake rate, and establishes the relation between the three. It adds a contact function and a spatial component to other exposure modeling concepts. Before the model framework can be used, its components need to be specified. A simple diffusional model is built as an example of specifying functions for exposure and uptake. A case study of 1,1,1 trichloroethane in some shoe impregnating product, partly based on the diffusional uptake model, illustrates the inclusion of the contact component. In the latter example, the exposure is calculated for the user and then, by only modifying the contact component, for a nonuser randomly walking in the house.     

经济交往道德的基本规范

经济交往道德的基本规范是克己奉人、扶贫济弱、解危助困和敬老爱幼。经济交往的内在关系对基本道德的要求和经济交往中道德匡正及道德调节的要求是确立经济交往道德基本规范的依据     

Effects of Surface Material,Ventilation, and Human Behavior on Indirect Contact Transmission Risk of Respiratory Infection

Infectious particles can be deposited on surfaces. Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection. The exposure and infection risk contributed by this transmission route depend on indoor surface material, ventilation, and human behavior. In this study, quantitative infection risk assessments were used to compare the significances of these factors. The risks of three pathogens, influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinovirus, in an aircraft cabin and in a hospital ward were assessed. Results showed that reducing the contact rate is relatively more effective than increasing the ventilation rate to lower the infection risk. Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials. In the cases considered in this study, halving the ventilation rate and doubling the hand contact rate to surfaces and the hand contact rate to mucous membranes would increase the risk by 3.7–16.2%, 34.4–94.2%, and 24.1–117.7%, respectively. Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces. These findings provide more consideration for infection control and building environmental design.     

论榕江侗语对当地汉语的影响

语言接触表现在当使用不同语言的说话者密切的接触时,这种接触会影响至少一种语言,并会带来语音、词汇、语意形式的变化.以榕江县城附近的侗语和当地汉话相互接触为例,可以看得出侗语对汉语榕江话产生较大的影响.     

从布依族地戏的分布看布依—汉的文化接触

文章利用文献及田野调查资料,对布依族地戏的剧目和戏班进行统计,勾勒布依族地戏的分布状况,分析布依族地戏剧目的内容及特征,并从文化接触的视角探讨布依族地戏剧目的形成过程,文章力图展现布依族人民对地戏剧目的传承与创新。     

岗位评价报酬要素认可度的调查与分析

报酬要素是岗位评价工具中一个重要的因素,它影响着岗位评价的有效性和认可度。本文采用问卷调查的方法,了解人们心目中认可度较高的报酬要素,对国内报酬要素的认可度进行研究,并用统计分析的方法从理论上探讨报酬要素的结构,以期指导岗位评价的实践。