'I don't speak with a Geordie accent, I speak, like, the Northern accent': Contact-induced levelling in the Tyneside vowel system

Evidence is presented in this paper of the levelling of the Tyneside (Newcastle) English vowel system toward that of a putative regional standard. This process is hypothesised to follow from the fragmentation of tight-knit urban communities that formed after large-scale immigration to Tyneside from elsewhere in the British Isles during the 18th and 19th centuries. High levels of dialect contact brought about by this influx are argued to have promoted the creation of an urban koiné, which in its contemporary form appears increasingly to be losing specifically local features. In addition to contact and mobility as agents of change, the history of unusually acute stigma attached to Tyneside speech should be considered. These and other social factors inform an analysis of the FACE and GOAT variables in the speech of 32 contemporary Tyneside English speakers of various ages, both sexes and from two social class groups.     

New monte carlo results on the robustness of the anova f,w and f statistics

Because the usual F test for equal means is not robust to unequal variances, Brown and Forsythe (1974a) suggest replacing F with the statistics F or W which are based on the Satterthwaite and Welch adjusted degrees of freedom procedures. This paper reports practical situations where both F and W give * unsatisfactory results. In particular, both F and W may not provide adequate control over Type I errors. Moreover, for equal variances, but unequal sample sizes, W should be avoided in favor of F (or F ), but for equal sample sizes, and possibly unequal variances, W was the only satisfactory statistic. New results on power are included as well. The paper also considers the effect of using F or W only after a significant test for equal variances has been obtained, and new results on the robustness of the F test are described. It is found that even for equal sample sizes as large as 50 per treatment group, there are practical situations where the F test does not provide adequately control over the probability of a Type I error.     

OPTIMAL DESIGN FOR EARLY‐GENERATION PLANT‐BREEDING TRIALS WITH UNREPLICATED OR PARTIALLY REPLICATED TEST LINES

Some subtle difficulties in optimal design are highlighted by the example of unreplicated field trials laid out on plots with spatial errors defined by uniformity trials. There is a dual problem of the arrangement of control plots and maximizing the number of test‐line entries. A simulation study is conducted by randomizing the allocation of genotypes to the plots of four uniformity trials in accordance with the rules defining a number of competing designs. Results are summarized in terms of the ‘SE ratio’, which reflects the improvement in precision of a given design relative to a completely random design on the same plots. The definition of the SE ratio overcomes problems induced by differential shrinkage and consequent precision of test and control lines. A general result applying to all designs shows a curvilinear improvement in SE ratio with increasing error degrees of freedom of the design. The actual arrangement of check plots is of less importance than their increasing number, which contributes to increasing error degrees of freedom. Overall measures, including expected genetic gain, are used to illustrate the choice of a balance between the total number of test‐line entries and the error degrees of freedom.     

Social Contact,Social Distancing,and Attitudes Toward LGT Individuals: A Cross-Cultural Study of College Students in the United States,Italy, and Spain

ABSTRACT

More than any other time in modern history, today people are significantly more likely to know (or be) lesbian, gay, and transgender (LGT) people; however, prejudices directed toward these groups remain. In the current study, we explore how social contact and social distancing/desired social contact are related to LGT prejudices using Worthen’s (2012) Attitudes Toward LGT People Scales and data from four heterosexual college student samples in Oklahoma, Texas, Italy, and Spain (N = 1,217). In doing so, we provide the first-ever study to explore Allport’s (1954) contact hypothesis as it relates to transgender prejudices in Italy and Spain and the first study to examine desired social contact/social distancing and transgender prejudice in the U.S., Italy, and Spain. Our findings demonstrate that measures of desired social contact are strongly related to cross-cultural LGT attitudes, while simple measures of contact (i.e., knowing an LGT person) are significantly less robust.     

沈从文与聂绀弩“评议鲁迅”探微

通过大跨三肋拱桥的荷载试验实测结果与空间有限元计算结果的比较和分析发现，在正载情况下，实测三个拱肋的横向分布特性是对称的，但中肋的实测横向分布系数明显较理论值大；在偏载情况下，偏载一侧的拱肋实测横向分布系数也较计算值大，远离偏载一侧的拱肋横向分布系数明显较小，这些现象表明，三肋拱桥的实际横向联系和横向刚度较弱，实桥通过横向联系分配和传递横向荷载的能力较比理论值小。三肋拱桥设计和加固时应考虑这一现象的影响。     

Secondary design considerations for minimum bias estimation

Several authors have suggested the method of minimum bias estimation for estimating response surfaces. The minimum bias estimation procedure achieves minimum average squared bias of the fitted model without depending on the values of the unknown parameters of the true surface. The only requirement is that the design satisfies a simple estimability condition. Subject to providing minimum average squared bias, the minimum bias estimator also provides minimum average variance of ?(x) where ?(x) is the estimate of the response at the point x.

To support the estimation of the parameters in the fitted model, very little has been suggested in the way of experimental designs except to say that a full rank matrix X of independent variables should be used. This paper presents a closer look at the estimability conditions that are required for minimum bias estimation, and from the form of the matrix X, a formula is derived which measures the amount of design flexibility available. The design flexibility is termed “the degrees of freedom” of the X matrix and it is shown how the degrees of freedom can be used to decide if other design optimality criteria might be considered along with minimum bias estimation. Several examples are provided.     

古汉语音部分"见"母字在苗瑶语中的接触和演变

古汉语"见"母字也称"牙"音字,用现代语言学的术语来表述就是"舌根音"声母字.从郑张尚芳先生等的构拟来看,古汉语不但"见"系字有丰富的"舌根音"声母,同时古汉语的"影"系字也有丰富的"小舌音"声母.而在我国现当代少数民族语言中,苗瑶语的"小舌音"声母是比较丰富的.尤其是在现当代黔东苗语里,"小舌音"声母不但成系统地保留...     

The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Clinical Social Work

Abstract

Social work has a history of treating the whole person in his/her environment, however, the effort to be scientific in our approach to clinical practice often has obscured our examination of the religious and spiritual beliefs and practices of our clients and in our own lives. Consequently, there has been very little guidance to date on how curriculum can help integrate the professional identities of MSW/MDiv students. An elective practice course, “The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Clinical Social Work” in our accredited graduate social work program provides a transitional space for this integration to occur through a guiding framework of psychodynamic, systems, and postmodern theories.     

传教士、海难与跨文化接触：1583年海南岛飘风事件分析

1583年夏季,一艘载着一支天主教方济各会传教团体的帆船由马尼拉前往越南。在当地停留一段时间后,因为未能达到传教的目的而被迫返航。途中遭遇风暴,飘抵海南岛昌化县附近洋面。传教士上岸后被明朝兵丁捕获,幷被辗转押送各地,前后羁留在华南地区长达3个月之久,最后在9月中旬被遣返至澳门。借助记录这次飘风事件的数份西班牙文传教士资料,能够重建这段事件史,幷进而考察16世纪南中国海地区的传教航行、海难与跨文化接触之间的关系。