Factors associated with expectation of household's future financial condition

Path analysis is used to examine the causal relationships among selected objective and subjective factors associated with a household's expectation of future financial condition. Results indicate that respondents who perceive the effect of changes in the external environment on their own household's financial condition as positive are younger, have higher net worth, perceive more internal control over their situation, and report that most of the changes in the external environment are positive. Respondents who are younger, have higher income, perceive more internal control over their situation, and believe the effect of changes in the external environment on their household's financial condition are positive are more likely to be optimistic about their financial future. It is important that educators and financial advisors recognize the significant role perception of being in control plays in determining expectations of future financial condition.Journal Paper No. J-15256 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Project No. 2809. Data were collected in conjunction with the cooperative regional research project NC-182, Family Resource Utilization as a Factor in Determining Economic Well-Being of Rural Families. Cooperating states are Arizona, California, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, and Minnesota.Her current research interests include family financial management and consumer bankruptcy; she received her Ph.D. from the University of Missouri.She received her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois; her current research interests include gender roles, family financial management, and economic well-being.She received her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois. Her research interests are economic well-being and quality of life.Her current research interests include the economic well-being of various family forms. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois.     

以公共政策为导向的户外广告规划研究——《深圳市户外广告设置指引》的探索

为了提升城市户外广告环境品质,改进规划工作的不足,提出以公共政策为导向的户外广告规划研究方法。在《深圳市户外广告设置指引》的编制实践中,通过多视角的目标建构、"规范"加"规划"的导控策略以及"手册式"的成果表达手段,取得了良好的实践效果。因此提出:为了提高户外广告规划成果的可操作性,增强实施实效性,必须正确认识户外广告的双重属性,将规划工作从传统的技术导向转变为以公共政策导向,做到导控中的因势"利导"与"力导"。     

网络内容的技术控制模式建构与评析

基于维纳的经典控制模式,依照接入控制、过滤控制、编辑控制、分析控制四个流程,尝试建构了网络内容的技术控制模式。此模式着眼于复杂的网络传播环境,反映了多传播时代的多向反馈,体现了效果/批判的范式融合,综合了立体多元的控制手段。     

主族控制下的族群杂居村落:权力的文化网络视角

本文借助“权力的文化网络”视角,深层再现云南省一个少数民族山区--蚌岚河槽（村庄）传统主族控制和毕摩操控的村落政治格局。作者认为,1949年以前槽区的社会政治局面是主族控制和毕摩操控,主族及其首领毕摩依靠乡村文化网络获得权威和认受性,他们在权力的文化网络中发挥着组织领导的作用,凭借对乡村文化网络（族群内部的宗族关系和宗教信仰以及族群关系等）的操控,主族及其首领毕摩有力地控制着乡村社会。     

Active‐controlled,non‐inferiority trials in oncology: arbitrary limits,infeasible sample sizes and uninformative data analysis. Is there another way?

In oncology, it may not always be possible to evaluate the efficacy of new medicines in placebo-controlled trials. Furthermore, while some newer, biologically targeted anti-cancer treatments may be expected to deliver therapeutic benefit in terms of better tolerability or improved symptom control, they may not always be expected to provide increased efficacy relative to existing therapies. This naturally leads to the use of active-control, non-inferiority trials to evaluate such treatments. In recent evaluations of anti-cancer treatments, the non-inferiority margin has often been defined in terms of demonstrating that at least 50% of the active control effect has been retained by the new drug using methods such as those described by Rothmann et al., Statistics in Medicine 2003; 22:239-264 and Wang and Hung Controlled Clinical Trials 2003; 24:147-155. However, this approach can lead to prohibitively large clinical trials and results in a tendency to dichotomize trial outcome as either 'success' or 'failure' and thus oversimplifies interpretation. With relatively modest modification, these methods can be used to define a stepwise approach to design and analysis. In the first design step, the trial is sized to show indirectly that the new drug would have beaten placebo; in the second analysis step, the probability that the new drug is superior to placebo is assessed and, if sufficiently high in the third and final step, the relative efficacy of the new drug to control is assessed on a continuum of effect retention via an 'effect retention likelihood plot'. This stepwise approach is likely to provide a more complete assessment of relative efficacy so that the value of new treatments can be better judged.     

Case–control studies with complex sampling

The use of complex sampling designs in population-based case–control studies is becoming more common, particularly for sampling the control population. This is prompted by all the usual cost and logistical benefits that are conferred by multistage sampling. Complex sampling has often been ignored in analysis but, with the advent of packages like SUDAAN, survey-weighted analyses that take account of the sample design can be carried out routinely. This paper explores this approach and more efficient alternatives, which can also be implemented by using readily available software.     

Heteroscedastic Regression Models and Applications to Off-line Quality Control

We discuss in the present paper the analysis of heteroscedastic regression models and their applications to off-line quality control problems. It is well known that the method of pseudo-likelihood is usually preferred to full maximum likelihood since estimators of the parameters in the regression function obtained are more robust to misspecification of the variance function. Despite its popularity, however, existing theoretical results are difficult to apply and are of limited use in many applications. Using more recent results in estimating equations, we obtain an efficient algorithm for computing the pseudo-likelihood estimator with desirable convergence properties and also derive simple, explicit and easy to apply asymptotic results. These results are used to look in detail at variance minimization in off-line quality control, yielding techniques of inferences for the optimized design parameter. In application of some existing approaches to off-line quality control, such as the dual response methodology, rigorous statistical inference techniques are scarce and difficult to obtain. An example of off-line quality control is presented to discuss the practical aspects involved in the application of the results obtained and to address issues such as data transformation, model building and the optimization of design parameters. The analysis shows very encouraging results, and is seen to be able to unveil some important information not found in previous analyses.     

The RL2 chart versus the np chart for detecting upward shifts in fraction defective

The use of the np chart for monitoring fraction-defective is well-established, but there are a number of relatively simple alternatives based on run-lengths of conforming items. Here, the RL₂ chart, based on the moving sum of two successive conforming run-lengths, is investigated in order to provide SPC practitioners with clear-cut guidance on the comparative performance of these competing charts. Both sampling inspection and 100% inspection are considered here, and it is shown that the RL₂ chart can often be considerably more efficient than the np chart, but the comparative performance depends on the false-alarm rate used for the comparison. Graphs to aid parameter-choice for the RL₂ chart are also provided.     

大熊猫主食竹种微量元素研究

用原子吸收分光光度法测定了卧龙自然保护区大熊猫主食竹种——冷箭竹(Bashania fangiana)、拐棍竹(Fargesia robusta)、华西箭竹(Fargesia nit-ida)、峨眉玉山竹(Yushaia chungii)的叶、笋——幼竹、一年杆、二年杆兵208例中的 Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe、Ca、Mg、K 等七种元素含量.找到了微量元素含量与竹类、竹龄、竹株部位、竹的生长环境(海拔高度、季节)以及与大熊猫食性等的关系。     

一种实用自适应PID控制器

本文介绍了一种实用自适应PID控制器,它是以MCS-51系列单片微机为核心,采用PID控制规律结合参数辨识的控制算法,实现了PID参数完全在线自动整定。该控制器适用于被控制对象未知或慢时变的场合,既可替代常规PID控制器,也可作为分布式系统的低级智能控制器。