论国有企业的效率边界

确定国有企业效率边界的三种观点即计划经济观点、产权理论观点、“进退”观点都存在偏颇 ,应当通过国有企业内部交易费用和市场交易费用的比较来确定国有企业的效率边界。应用扩展型交易费用理论模型确定国有企业的效率边界综合性强 ,能进行定量分析 ,可避免主观判断 ,更为合理、科学 ,可为国有企业效率边界的战略性调整提供了一般性的评价标准     

论高等教育产业化经营的理论内涵与实现机制

学会经营正在成为西方现代大学的一种理念。在我国以政府为主导的“依附型”的高等教育管理体制下,高等学校不需要经营,也不必学会经营。跨入21世纪,倡导和推进高等教育产业化经营,将有助于实现我国高等教育发展机制的根本性转变。基于高等教育的产业属性和高等教育发展需要的产业化经营有着深刻的理论内涵和独特的实现机制。     

Circadian Rhythm and the Business Person

Each human being has an internal timekeeping mechanism. To date, over 100 so-called circadian rhythms have been detected. Perhaps the most significant is body temperature. There is an apparent connection between this rhythm and the efficiency with which we do things in the course of the working day. Within individuals, patterns have been discovered which give credence to the popular notions of a morning or an afternoon person, and so on. Our memory changes from morning to afternoon: short-term memory is stronger in the morning, and long-term memory stronger in the afternoon; in schools, morning students have higher grades than students who have other time-of-day preferences. Therefore, a strong case can be made in support of flexible time schedules. It is reported that productivity went up on the introduction of such a scheme. Employee stress has been seen to decline also. When flextime was offered, parents with small children took advantage of the benefit as well as unmarried employees. The only drawback is ensuring that, with so many individual variations in preferences, the needs of the company are fully met. If such a scheme can be devised, however, the research suggests that productivity and efficiency will increase.     

The rhetorical construction of efficiency: Restructuring and industrial democracy in Mondragón,Spain

This paper examines the tension between the struggle to survive in a competitive economy and efforts to create more democratic workplaces in the Basque worker cooperative complex in Mondragón, Spain. Data from archival research, participant observation, and interviews are used to outline the historical context of structural change and policy-making in the complex. Language used in internal policy discussions is analyzed to explore the way in which arguments about efficiency have shaped interpretations of structural change and these organizations' policy responses. It is argued that in these cooperatives, the concept of efficiency does not operate as a neutral, objective benchmark of organizational performance, but is socially and rhetorically constructed. The predominant approach to efficiency that is emerging in Mondragón aims to make the cooperatives more competitive, but also facilitates a gradual displacement of collectively established organizational objectives such as relative equality, job security, and favorable work conditions for ones that privilege institutional interests of profitability and stability. More importantly, it has helped usher in important changes in the policy-making process itself, limiting the range of legitimate participation and weakening broad-based control over the identification of appropriate objectives and means. The paper suggests that reframing an existing rhetorical strategy to highlight more clearly the link between efficiency and any given set of objectives would stimulate a broader discussion of policy issues and help balance more effectively the diverse interests at stake in Mondragón's restructuring.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1992 annual meetings of the American Sociological Association in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.     

考虑多维合作策略的非径向超预期管理效率评价

现有非预期产出问题集中于环境DEA效率评价,普遍以弱可处置性与负导向为前提,无法适应管理效率评价中超预期产出的"策略可处置"、"多维效率扩展"与"评价导向交融"特征。相对现有进展,针对环境DEA弱可处置性的局限,归纳了超预期管理效率的多维合作策略与对应策略作用下的效率溢出效应;针对超预期管理效率策略化评价的非径向测度基础,界定多维合作策略贡献,形成了"投入"合作与"产出"分配意义上的效率评价方案;针对传统DEA方法模糊评价结果不可比难点,引入合作博弈思想构建CSG-DEA模型,统筹了隐藏效率的评价信息再提取与策略联盟收益分配权重折算需求。案例应用结果表明,所构建的方法与策略有效、可行,能够为评价导向特殊、考虑多维合作策略的超预期管理效率评价问题提供决策参考。     

Effectiveness and Efficiency of Controlling Campylobacter on Broiler Chicken Meat

Campylobacter bacteria are an important cause of foodborne infections. We estimated the potential costs and benefits of a large number of possible interventions to decrease human exposure to Campylobacter by consumption of chicken meat, which accounts for 20-40% of all cases of human campylobacteriosis in the Netherlands. For this purpose, a farm-to-fork risk assessment model was combined with economic analysis and epidemiological data. Reduction of contamination at broiler farms could be efficient in theory. However, it is unclear which hygienic measures need to be taken and the costs can be very high. The experimental treatment of colonized broiler flocks with bacteriophages has proven to be effective and could also be cost efficient, if confirmed in practice. Since a major decrease of infections at the broiler farm is not expected in the short term, additional measures in the processing plant were also considered. At this moment, guaranteed Campylobacter-free chicken meat at the retail level is not realistic. The most promising interventions in the processing plant are limiting fecal leakage during processing and separation of contaminated and noncontaminated flocks (scheduling), followed by decontamination of the contaminated flock. New (faster and more sensitive) test methods to detect Campylobacter colonization in broilers flocks are a prerequisite for successful scheduling scenarios. Other methods to decrease the contamination of meat of colonized flocks such as freezing and heat treatment are more expensive and/or less effective than chemical decontamination.     

Integrating risk assessment and life cycle assessment: a case study of insulation.

Increasing residential insulation can decrease energy consumption and provide public health benefits, given changes in emissions from fuel combustion, but also has cost implications and ancillary risks and benefits. Risk assessment or life cycle assessment can be used to calculate the net impacts and determine whether more stringent energy codes or other conservation policies would be warranted, but few analyses have combined the critical elements of both methodologies In this article, we present the first portion of a combined analysis, with the goal of estimating the net public health impacts of increasing residential insulation for new housing from current practice to the latest International Energy Conservation Code (IECC 2000). We model state-by-state residential energy savings and evaluate particulate matter less than 2.5 microm in diameter (PM2.5), NOx, and SO2 emission reductions. We use past dispersion modeling results to estimate reductions in exposure, and we apply concentration-response functions for premature mortality and selected morbidity outcomes using current epidemiological knowledge of effects of PM2.5 (primary and secondary). We find that an insulation policy shift would save 3 x 10(14) British thermal units or BTU (3 x 10(17) J) over a 10-year period, resulting in reduced emissions of 1,000 tons of PM2.5, 30,000 tons of NOx, and 40,000 tons of SO2. These emission reductions yield an estimated 60 fewer fatalities during this period, with the geographic distribution of health benefits differing from the distribution of energy savings because of differences in energy sources, population patterns, and meteorology. We discuss the methodology to be used to integrate life cycle calculations, which can ultimately yield estimates that can be compared with costs to determine the influence of external costs on benefit-cost calculations.     

A、B股证券市场盈余信息价值的实证研究

中国证券市场在复杂的历史背景下形成了A、B、H股市场并存的特殊市场分割体制,对这一问题的研究具有重要的学术价值和现实意义。本文尝试从信息有效性角度研究我国证券市场分割,文章首先通过比较双重上市公司股价和成交量对不同会计标准的盈余信息的反应,发现了A、B股市场在信息传递、信息评价、信息反应模式上的确存在有效性差异,最后分析了造成信息有效性差异的原因并提出了相应的政策建议。     

科研组织相对效率评价定量方法研究

本文针对科研组织评价指标体系选择和实际评价工作中出现的问题加以研究分析,建立了基于DEA方法的科研组织相对效率评价模型,并以此为基础提出了解决科研产出滞后的时序上的综合效率指数。最后将模型应用到中国科学院知识创新工程部分试点单位的相对评价中加以检验。     

Efficiency Wages: Signals or Incentives An Empirical Study of the Relationship between Wage and Commitment

Efficiency wage theories arguethat firms induce their employees to work in a moredisciplined way by paying high wages. Two basicmechanisms have been pointed out in economics about how these wage premia motivate employees.The incentives-driven `shirking model' impliesthat employees who have a highly paid job workin a more disciplined way so as to avoid beingdismissed. The ``gift exchange' model is basedon the assumption that high wages change therelationship between employer and employee.Empirical evidence on the incentives approachis mixed and a thorough competitive testingagainst the gift exchange model was notpossible due to the fact that the latter wasnot worked out enough. However, there is a relational theory of efficiency wages which isworked out in detail in order to allow directcompetitive testing. This relationalsignaling approach, as it is called, is basedon framing effects and comes to specifichypotheses about the conditions under whichefficiency wages work. These hypothesescontrast sharply with predictions from theincentives approach. The paper presents anempirical test of the theories and shows thatthe data clearly reject the incentive-basedpredictions and confirm the relationalsignaling predictions.