图像与文本的互释——封面艺术与鲁迅的前期创作

书籍中的图像因素主要是封面和插图,与文字文本关系密切,又具有相对独立的意义。在鲁迅看来,书籍中的插图、封面有文字所不能替代的作用,和文字构成相互阐释、相互补充的关系。鲁迅一生都对自己著作或译作的封面、插图精益求精。1920年代出版的《呐喊》、《彷徨》、《野草》、《朝花夕拾》,其封面作为鲁迅精心制作或选择的图像文本,表现了其前期创作的内在精神联系。从《呐喊》、《彷徨》封面的红色底色,到《野草》、《朝花夕拾》封面的灰蓝色、明黄色底色,暗示了鲁迅在文学创作中所经历的精神裂变过程：由红色的激情裂变为蓝色的忧郁和黄色的温情,其情感轨迹明晰可辨。     

Difficulties with estimating city-wide urban forest cover change from national, remotely-sensed tree canopy maps

Two datasets of percent urban tree canopy cover were compared. The first dataset was based on a 1991 AVHRR forest density map. The second was the US Geological Survey’s National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001 sub-pixel tree canopy. A comparison of these two tree canopy layers was conducted in 36 census designated places of western New York State. Reference data generated by photo-interpreting the tree cover on 1994 and 2002 orthoimages were compared on a city-wide basis to estimates of the tree cover derived from the AVHRR and NLCD tree canopy maps. Comparison of the AVHRR-based estimate with the 1994 photo-interpreted reference showed low accuracy and high variability. The comparison between the NLCD-derived estimate and 2002 photo-interpreted values had higher accuracy but shows a consistent under prediction bias for all tree cover values. In comparing the two photo-interpreted reference sets, little actual change was detected for this study region. Assessing change using differences between the imagery-based AVHRR and NLCD urban tree cover datasets is shown to lead to erroneous results.     

The natural South Florida system II: Predrainage ecology

The goal of the South Florida restoration process is to reestablish a sustainable ecological system that approximates the predrainage system (i.e., the system that existed before canals and water control structures were built). A critical step in the restoration process is to describe the predrainage system with sufficient detail to capture the essential landscape features (e.g., space, connectivity, patterns) that gave the region its defining character and supported its natural abundance and diversity of plants and wildlife.A previous attempt at reconstruction of predrainage (circa 1870) vegetation patterns covered only the Everglades (Davis et al., 1994) but introduced a concept of landscape mosaics that should be extended to South Florida. We propose 16 landscape units that include freshwater landscapes, upland landscapes, coastal wetlands, and estuaries (particularly Florida and Biscayne Bays), the Florida Keys and Reef Tract, and the Inner Southwest Florida Shelf.The predrainage area, because of its enormous size, supported a landscape heterogeneity that was advantageous to animals with several distinct habitat-related life strategies. Five species have been selected to illustrate different dependencies on landscape patterns in predrainage South Florida: wood stork (Mycteria americana), American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis), Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis), and pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum). As individuals or as populations, these animals operated across several spatial and temporal scales. The predrainage system's large spatial extent and complex hydropatterns allowed wood storks and other animals with large feeding ranges to take advantage of the strongly seasonal rainfall pattern, while at the same time providing a refuge somewhere in the system for survival of all other species. Landscape heterogeneity and large spatial extent promoted the region's natural wildlife abundance and species diversity.     

中国城市的地域范围和地域区分探析

城市地域范围和地域区分是城市研究的起点。但我国学术界在较长时间的讨论中,一直没有形成较为一致的意见。本文拟从"实质城市"地域的角度,并考虑到实际数据的可获得性,探讨了城市地域,包括它与外部——乡村的区分和它的内部构造——中心区、边缘区和郊区的区分方法。本文提出,可用建制市内全部"区"作为城市地域,而在城市地域内,根据各部分地域的人口密度、在业人口中从事二、三产业的比例,昼夜人口比和三产区位系数等指标来区分城市的中心区、边缘区和郊区。     

潜词的特征及其显化原则

潜词分为两类：N潜词和R潜词。N潜词虽然从来都没有在显性词汇层显现过,但是根据语言学、文化学及哲学等相关理论,也可以构拟出N潜词的面貌特征：N潜词的构词规律和显词基本一致,但是数量要比显词大得多;N潜词与N潜词之间存在着竞争关系;N潜词的词汇层处于不断的运动变化之中,且这种运动变化和显词的变化有关。N潜词显化基本遵循四项原则：需要原则、择优原则、求新原则、文化原则。     

民族图形在民族学类期刊封面的应用研究

民族学类的期刊封面借鉴民族图形元素融入现代设计的表现形式越来越展现出特有的艺术魅力和传播力。本文以中国少数民族的藏族、羌族、彝族及其他少数民族图形以及《西藏民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》《中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版)》《广西民族研究》《民族学刊》等几个特色鲜明的民族学类期刊封面的民族图形为例进行对比及相关性研究。民族图形元素在现代民族学类的期刊封面设计中的具体应用,其深刻的艺术价值和文化价值以及图形语言的传播形式,有利于进一步探究民族图形元素在现代民族学类的期刊封面设计中再利用、再创造的可能性以及其价值和意义,也为现代民族学类的期刊封面设计的研究和发展提供一些思考和设计路径。     

考虑自取服务和门到门服务的电动汽车物流网络优化策略研究

在环境意识增长与政府政策支持的有利条件下,电动汽车在物流领域得以快速发展。为提高物流服务的效率,降低企业运营成本,文中研究了考虑顾客服务策略的电动物流汽车服务设施选址与配送路径问题。采取顾客自行取货与配送人员送货上门相结合的多样化服务策略,使得服务站点的建设成本、顾客点配送路径成本以及服务站点补货路径成本之和最小。建立了整数规划数学模型,允许配送车辆在服务过程中前往服务站点接受充电服务。其次,提出了基于改进节约算法和禁忌算法的混合启发式算法MCWSA-TS。随后,在小规模算例将CPLEX运算结果与MCWSA-TS进行对比,证明了算法的有效性。最后,采用多组算例探讨了顾客取货半径对运营成本的影响,并对分离配送策略与联合配送策略进行对比分析。实验结果表明,多样化服务策略有助于企业满足顾客取货时间和取货方式的个性化需求。同时,兼顾运营成本与顾客满意度,促进电动汽车参与的物流服务快速发展。     

城市森林建设量化指标研究概况

城市森林作为城市生态系统的重要组成部分,其改善环境和维持城市可持续发展的功能已倍受重视。城市森林的量化标准已成为新时代城市综合竞争力的新指标。文章总结并对比了国内外城市森林建设的相关量化指标,如城市森林覆盖率,森林面积等,为城市森林建设提供了一定的参考依据。