Predicting unemployment: Occupational aspiration–achievement discrepancy as a risk factor in Norwegian young adults

Research on risk of unemployment has focused primarily on the importance of individual assets, such as level of education achieved and personal characteristics. This study investigated whether a discrepancy between current occupational position and occupational aspirations predicts unemployment. Achieving occupational aspirations may be highly important for young people in Western societies. The analyses were conducted using longitudinal survey data linked to register data on 1,681 Norwegian young adults. The results showed that being in an occupation with lower status than the occupation to which one aspires significantly predicts the risk of later unemployment. The findings accord with research suggesting that a mismatch between employees’ subjective expectations and their actual job situation has negative consequences. For example, failure to acquire a job that matches one's expectations may lead to unemployment either through proactive behaviour, such as quitting a current job to find a new one, or through giving up, such as withdrawing from work.     

Constructing Unemployment: Britain and France in Historical Perspective

Unemployment emerged as a specific social issue in the late‐19th century, but the nature of the threat it posed and the governing instruments available to address it varied widely. Using Britain and France as strongly contrasting cases, this article demonstrates the variable and historically contingent constructions of unemployment as a problem, and demonstrates how policy to address it was developed using administrative agencies that embodied specific, normative visions of how society and employment should operate. The different governing trajectories through which the issue was tackled is analyzed in terms of the context within which the problem of unemployment originally emerged. The article demonstrates the socio‐political nature of unemployment's construction and, with reference to recent labour market change, questions its utility as a means of assessing economic or social well‐being.     

政府行为与废科举后举贡生员的出路问题

科举制的废除带来了一系列的社会问题,举贡生员的出路问题只是其中一个直接和显性的社会问题。在考虑和解决这一问题上,清政府是积极和重视的,也是有所作为,自觉采取了一些措施来保证他们的出路;同时,清政府还提供机会,支持和认可举贡生员从事其他合法的活动。解决举贡生员的出路问题,保证了他们的生存和发展,推动了其职业分化和社会流动。但是,清政府解决这一问题也存在一些缺陷和不足。     

Compositional Changes of the Labor Force and the Icrease of the Unemployment Rate: An Estimate for the United States

This article estimates how demographic changes in the composition of the labor force affect the unemployment rate in the United States. In addition to the effect from changes in the weights of the individual groups composing the total, the impact of compositional changes on the individual unemployment rates is estimated by using a dummy-variables model and incorporated into the estimate on the overall unemployment rate. The results suggest that the incorporation of the latter effect is significant. Indedd, the estimates presented in this article are almost twice as high as those provided by the fixed-weight method used in previous studies.     

河南省失业保险制度存在的问题及对策

河南省失业保险制度目前存在失业保险覆盖面较窄、失业保险基金短缺、失业保险管理体制混乱、重救济而轻培训等诸多问题,可通过扩大失业保险覆盖面、扩大资金来源渠道、完善失业保险管理体制、推进再就业工程等措施加以完善。     

上海话和东北话亲属称呼语泛化不均衡现象研究

调查上海话和东北话中亲属称呼语泛化的类型和使用范围,比较称呼语亲属词在这两种方言中泛化的不同特点,探索这种语言现象背后的社会文化心理因素。     

欧洲社会政策的积极化转型

从政治学的视角对过去二十年中大部分经合组织国家发生的积极化转型提出一些解释,可以更好地理解发生这一转型的原因。概括起来,主要有三个因素：　在经合组织经济体中劳动力市场的后工业化发展;其他途径在解决大规模失业问题上的无能为力;政党想通过创新性和现代化的劳动力市场改革来树立声名的愿望。这一观点在丹麦、英国、荷兰、瑞典、德国、法国和意大利等七个欧洲国家所经历的发展轨迹中得到展现。     

Re‐thinking Indigenous over‐representation in prison

It is now nearly two decades since the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody recommended that a determined effort be made by all Australian Governments to reduce the level of Indigenous over‐representation in prison. The disparity between Indigenous and non‐Indigenous imprisonment rates, however, is now wider than it has ever been. This article reviews research published over the last twenty years which calls into question both the Royal Commission's analysis of the causes of Indigenous over‐representation in prison and subsequent policies adopted to reduce it. It concludes by arguing that future efforts to reduce Indigenous over‐representation in prison should be directed at dealing with the underlying causes of Indigenous involvement in crime, especially drug and alcohol use, child neglect and abuse, poor school performance and unemployment.     

高校思想政治教育工作类型分析

高校思想政治教育不能等同于学生思想政治教育,而是包括学生思想政治教育工作、教师思想政治教育工作、管理人员思想政治教育工作等不同的类型。这些不同类型的思想政治教育工作有着不同的教育主体和教育客体,在教育内容和教育方式上也有着明显的不同,有显性和隐性的区分。它们彼此既互相区分,又有着内在的联系,共同形成了推动学校发展的合力。     

Trends in long‐term sickness absence in Sweden 1992–2008: the role of economic conditions,legislation, demography,work environment and alcohol consumption

Lidwall U, Marklund S. Trends in long‐term sickness absence in Sweden 1992–2008: the role of economic conditions, legislation, demography, work environment and alcohol consumption Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: 167©179 © 2010 The Author(s), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare. In Sweden, absence from work because of illness or injury has fluctuated considerably over time. This study aimed to identify potentially important factors behind variations in long‐term sickness absence. Aggregated data were used to assess factors correlated with the number of ongoing cases of sickness absence lasting more than 59 days. Trends were analysed using statistics from national social insurance records, labour force surveys and other official statistics. Although specific changes in the degree of generosity in the sickness insurance scheme were important in some cases, the results showed no consistent associations for the study period 1992–2008. Men were generally more sensitive to macroeconomic factors than women. Furthermore, compared with earlier findings, workforce composition had less impact on variations in long‐term sickness absence. Notably, public health indicators such as alcohol sales and working conditions were clearly related to long‐term sick leave during the period under investigation.