充分就业状态及其发展陷阱

人力资源配置效率高低的根本标志就是就业或失业程度,国际主流经济学把充分就业定义为消灭了非自愿失业的就业状态。市场供求规律调节和市场经济所特有的人口规律发挥作用的必然结果,就是供过于求的劳动力作为失业人口而存在,这是一切市场经济的常态。失业人口流动是市场经济高效率运行的根本原因所在。充分就业作为当今世界各国普遍追求的最优发展状态,归根结底是有利于人的发展的。入世后并正处在社会转型期的现代中国,仍然存在传统非效率就业的巨大路径依赖性,因此应尽快走出"充分就业陷阱"。     

Structural reforms and labor markets in Argentina

Argentina is considered to be one of the most successful cases of structural reforms in Latin America, because of the extent and rapid pace of the reforms after the hyperinflationary process of 1989–1990. At the beginning of 1991, the convertible plan was launched and inflation fell sharply. However, even when the economy is growing fast, the problems in the labor market seem to worsen. Unemployment and underemployment have risen, and an increasing number of people have fallen out of normal work. The article analyzes how changes in labor markets are closely related to the transformation process in the economic system. After a summary of the situation before the crisis of the 1980s, the article analyzes the stabilization plans applied and then discusses the current dynamics of labor markets and the policies implemented to change labor regulations. Finally, some hypotheses about future scenarios are presented.     

失业与通货膨胀的跨期替代——评2006年诺奖得主埃德蒙•费尔普斯的学术贡献

作为一名杰出的经济学家,2006年诺贝尔经济学奖得主埃德蒙·费尔普斯的一个重要学术贡献体现在对失业与通货膨胀方面的创新性分析上,包括建立“孤岛模型”,对菲利普斯曲线的修正以及自然失业率的提出等。他的理论研究加深了人们对于通货膨胀和失业之间的跨期替代关系的认识,并对经济学研究和经济决策产生了决定性的影响。     

中国失业问题的贝弗里奇曲线分析

中国的失业问题不能简单地理解为劳动力的超额供给,表示失业和空缺岗位关系的贝弗里奇曲线更能解释现今普遍存在的结构性失业与摩擦性失业现象。贝弗里奇曲线既可以用来区别失业的类型,还可以反映劳动力市场运作效率的变化。本文通过贝弗里奇曲线位移的分析,着重从工作搜寻活动、产业结构调整及劳动力队伍中人口年龄结构变化三方面分析了中国劳动力市场供需双方的匹配效率是如何影响失业的。本文的研究结论对于中国如何提高供需双方的匹配效率从而抑制大量失业与大量空缺岗位并存的现象、降低自然失业率有一定的参考价值。     

How do labour laws affect unemployment and the labour share of national income? The experience of six OECD countries, 1970–2010

Using longitudinal data on labour law in France, Germany, Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States over the period 1970–2010, the authors estimate the impact of labour regulation on unemployment and the labour share of national income. Their dynamic panel data analysis distinguishes between the short‐run and long‐run effects of regulatory change. They find that worker‐protective labour laws in general have no consistent relationship to unemployment but are positively correlated with labour's share of national income. Laws specifically relating to working time and employee representation are found to have beneficial effects on both efficiency and distribution thus proxied.     

当前社会养老保险工作中存在的问题及解决的对策

当前我国已经在全国范围内基本建立了以社会保险、救灾救济为重点,以城镇职工基本养老保险、基本医疗保险、失业保险、工伤保险、生育保险、城乡居民最低生活保障等为主要内容的社会保障体系。但是,由于我国各项社会保障制度建立时间还不长,体系尚不完善,保障水平还比较底,存在个别困难职工参保困难、养老保险政策不完善、个别居民参保热情不高、城乡居民养老保险起点低等问题。为此,应当采取如下措施,进一步完善现行社会养老保险制度：建立广范围、多层次的社会养老保险体系;进一步提高城乡居民参加养老保险的意识;继续完善现行的社会养老保险体制;不断提高社会养老保险队伍的整体素质;积极探索新形势下社会养老保险的新途径。     

知识经济对我国就业的影响

知识经济的兴起,促进经济全球化,推动国际分工的发展,带动产业结构的调整与升级。知识经济的发展,一方面,增加我国就业的难度,另一方面,会开辟新的就业领域,提供新的就业岗位,但与我国存在的大量劳动力供给相比,无法满足需要。为此,必然采取切实可行的措施,解决失业问题。     

从结果、行为到行为人：隐性采访的伦理抉择

道德困惑一直是隐性采访争论的焦点，功利主义、绝对命令、中庸之道等西方道德哲学在一定程度上能解读隐性采访面临的伦理困境。从行为的结果、行为本身到行为人，三种伦理学关注的焦点形成了一个呈逆时针方向的圆圈。功利主义是务实的，绝对命令维护了道德的纯洁性，中庸之道强调行为主体的道德修养，在这三种伦理框架的综合指导运用下，隐性采访完成了从客体到主体、由客观到主观的推理过程，伦理抉择变得更为连贯和一致，渐渐成为一种内涵。     

浅析我国的知识失业问题

党的十七大报告把扩大就业作为我国的一项长期战略。知识失业是我们面临的又一新的就业问题，如何认识我国的知识失业的现状、影响和原因，寻找其解决的对策是当前劳动经济学术界研究的一个重点。运用新理论、新资料，从新的视角对知识失业进行梳理，分析其中的问题，提出解决我国知识失业问题的对策具有重要现实意义。     

Unemployment and mental health among white‐collar workers – a question of work involvement and financial situation?

We examine whether it is a psychosocial or an economic need for employment that affects mental health among the unemployed. The relevance of both aspects are examined, concentrating on two measures of each dimension. Two perspectives of work involvement – the degree of connection to working life and the perceived employment commitment – and two perspectives on financial situation – economic security and perceived economic concern – have been analysed, using empirical data collected by means of a cross-sectional survey of 1297 unemployed white-collar workers from the public sector in Sweden. The degree of connection to working life was not significantly linked to the mental health of the unemployed, although there was a strong link between the perceived employment commitment and mental health among this group. The stronger the perceived employment commitment, the poorer the state of the person's mental health. Perceived economic concern was also tightly linked to mental health: the greater the economic concern, the poorer the mental health. Economic security also played – at least, partly – a moderate but significant role. The results provide strong support for the existence of both a psychosocial need and an economic need for employment. The analysis demonstrates that it is the perceived assessed measures of work involvement and financial situation that are linked to mental health.