Ethical problems in program evaluation: Advice for trapped evaluators

This paper argues that ethical problems in program evaluation are increased when conflicting or incompatible evaluation models are applied concurrently. Three models are illustrated: an Amelioration Model, generating better information for a program's own decision makers; an Accountability Model, focusing on public data disclosure and citizen participation in evaluation; and an Advocacy Model, in which the evaluation is designed to advance the program's interests in the competition for resources. Ethical problems inherent in each model, and arising from combining models are presented, along with case examples and discussion. The authors suggest several directions that program evaluators can consider to reduce their vulnerability to ethical problems.     

Social networks,stress and child abuse

The study investigated the relationship between situational stress, strength of informal social networks and maternal child abuse. Structured interviews were conducted with 41 abusive mothers and 59 non-abusing mothers using an author-developed instrument to measure social network strength and situational stress. Abusing mothers, on the average, reported significantly weaker, less supportive informal social networks than the non-abusing mothers. Both the neighbor-friend networks and the kinship networks of the non-abusing mothers were found to be stronger than those of the abusing mothers. The data also supported the positive association of situational stress with child abuse. Both situational stress and strength of social network proved to be significant predictors of abuse. The findings supported the hypothesized mediating effect of strong social networks upon the relationship between situational stress and child abuse. Mothers living in highly stressful life situations who reported strong social networks were less likely to be abusers than mothers living in high stress situations who reported weak social networks. The mediating functions of social networks are proposed, and the implications of the findings for interventions with high risk parents to prevent child abuse are discussed.     

Universal optimality of experimental designs: Definitions and a criterion

Several definitions of universal optimality of experimental designs are found in the Literature; we discuss the interrelations of these definitions using a recent characterization due to Friedland of convex functions of matrices. An easily checked criterion is given for a design to satisfy the main definition of universal optimality; this criterion says that a certain set of linear functions of the eigenvalues of the information matrix is maximized by the information matrix of a design if and only if that design is universally optimal. Examples are given; in particular we show that any universally optimal design is (M, S)-optimal in the sense of K. Shah.     

跨境进口电子商务零售卖家竞争战略分析——以天猫国际为例

以跨境进口电子商务零售企业竞争战略为研究对象,从天猫国际中筛选了纸尿裤、奶粉和面膜三类畅销品大部分卖家的销量和销售额作为因变量样本,以Fudenberg的声誉优先理论、Porter的成本领先理论为基础,综合了现有国内外研究学者对电子商务研究的成果,筛选出12个自变量指标,利用OLS回归对销量和销售额的影响程度进行分析,研究结果显示大部分指标对于因变量的解释作用显著.基于此,分别对纸尿裤、奶粉和面膜三大类跨境进口零售爆品的卖家提出了声誉优先、声誉优先加成本领先策略,以及声誉优先加物流优势的战略模式.研究结果可以协助跨境零售卖家更好地分析市场并制定合理的战略模式,具有现实意义.     

跨境众筹法制建设入局与破局的探索

跨境众筹是国内互联网产业规模化发展处于临界点之际的应然发展趋势,当下中国应当建设跨境众筹法律机制,意在预防该业务陷入互联网产业频发的实务先行,但立法滞后的问题。中国建设跨境众筹法律机制的主要问题在于没有其他国家和地区的先验立法可以借鉴、众筹本体法律性质不明、征信制度与国际社会尚未接轨,以及跨境互联网金融监管机制建设不成熟。可以通过在国内先行开展涉外众筹、对外先行开展跨境捐赠众筹的方式逐渐开展跨境众筹业务,同时加快建设跨境众筹法律机制的步伐,实现法律对实践的"供给侧引导"功能。     

基于改进VIKOR法的C2M型制造企业的供应商选择研究

个性化定制的电子商务模式C2M,是驱动中国制造企业转型升级和经济发展的必要途径,而C2M型制造企业供应商选择是实现大规模个性化定制的关键。考虑C2M型企业对供应商智能化水平等的特殊要求,从产品竞争力、供应商整体实力、供应商竞争力、个性化服务能力、智能化水平五个方面构建了供应商选择的指标体系;根据前景理论评估C2M型企业供应商各评价指标的发展前景,用熵权法确定各指标的权重。考虑指标间的相互作用关系,建立基于灰色关联VIKOR法的供应商选择模型,并用该模型对C2M型企业的供应商进行评价选择,以实例验证模型的有效性。     

略评弗兰克尔、森斯伯里的"定义"——悖论"狭义"被曲解为"广义"

弗兰克尔试图提出一个"悖论"的"狭窄定义",它既无多大价值,又内含一些冗余的"描述",更没有充分强调语义、语境,应该被取代、抛弃!遗憾的是,一般论者包括《美国哲学百科全书》、《中国大百科全书》、《辞海》等辞书竟然也把悖论"狭义"曲解、扩大为"广义",使问题更加复杂费解.当"失钻"悖论被澄清和消解,并且把森斯伯里的"悖论"定义作为比较之后,关于弗兰克尔等"狭窄定义"的价值和它被论者曲解和扩大等问题便水落石出!     

基于核心竞争力的中国企业跨国并购问题分析

核心竞争力是企业赢得市场竞争胜利的重要要素,核心竞争力包括多种因素,企业可以通过内部积累或通过外部联盟、合作、并购等途径构建核心竞争力,由于技术知识资源的转化受到企业内外部环境因素的影响,外部技术知识资源如何转化为企业的核心竞争力是很多国际化企业面临的现实问题。本文主要从企业核心竞争力的构成要素和形成规律出发,分析企业通过跨国并购方式购并核心竞争力所存在的问题。     

银行跨国并购的发展及其影响因素探析

虽然在过去的20多年里国内金融领域的并购数量呈现稳定增长的趋势,但是相比较而言,这段时间的跨国银行并购数目则少之又少。通过对1978～2001年国际银行业产生的2357起跨国并购案例的数据分析可以揭示出银行跨国并购的发展脉络。影响银行跨国并购的因素很多,通过对这些因素的分析我们可以对银行跨国并购的趋势有个大致的了解。     

我国经济货币化比率畸高的经济学分析

经济货币化是一国商品经济发达程度的货币体现,反映了一国金融深化的程度,通常用M2/GDP比率来衡量。改革开放以来,我国的经济货币化水平迅速提升,当前M2/GDP比率已居世界之首,我国的货币化水平畸高已成为中国金融之谜。分析显示,这种状况的出现主要与当前我国金融结构的失衡、金融资源配置效率的不足、相关改革特别是社会保障体系建设的滞后导致居民的预防性储蓄意愿过强,以及近期外汇占款的持续增长而导致货币的被动投放等因素有关。