对美国英语中“死亡”直接表述变化的研究

鉴于对死亡的惧怕或不情愿,人们避免直接谈论死亡,在迫不得已之时也多采取间接的表述方式,以往对死亡的研究也就大都关注与死亡相关的委婉语。现基于美国英语语料库,考察了死亡的直接表述方式,结果表明,绝大部分死亡的直接表示方式随着时间的推移呈上升趋势,故从现代化文明程度和人们的认识提高以及现代化生活需要等方面进行了分析。     

精准扶贫中农民争当贫困户的行为及其阐释——基于武汉近郊Q村的实地调查

国家精准扶贫的“资源输入”却遭遇农户“争当贫困户”的意外性后果,本文基于武汉市近郊Q村的调研发现：(1)面对国家精准扶贫的“资源输入”,一方面农民会有不服从社会章程的行为,另一方面他们在个人算计理应使他们采取其它行动时却循章而为。(2)农户“争当贫困户”并不是简单出于自利的考虑,而是多重因素共同影响的结果：首先,农户生计脆弱而又缺乏保障的客观现实为其行为提供了道义性,而国家保障和改善民生的制度理念以及投入的加大,为其行为提供合法性的同时也刺激了农户的行为;其次,在政策的具体实践过程中产生了瞄准目标偏离的现象,这激化了农户基于平均主义心态的社会不公感和相对剥夺感,而当农户的权利意识自觉时,农户出现“争当贫困户”的心态与行为。一个制度必须有一套相一致的理念来支撑,当下农村之所以出现“争夺贫困户”的现象,是国家的期望与农民的理念之间的存在难以弥合张力的表现。     

Biopower and Reproductive Loss

Extensive research indicates that mothers in particular grieve a variety of losses – miscarriage, stillbirth, ectopic pregnancy, induced abortions, newborn deaths – at all gestational stages, yet often find their grief invalidated. In turn, the lack of support or affirmation of these grief responses can be experienced as an exacerbation of the initial impact of death. This painful social silence that parents have expressed as part of their reproductive loss serves as the foundation for this paper, which explores both the strategic silences and discourses in the network of knowledges constituting reproductive loss in an era of biopower. The first section of the paper outlines the (bio)medicalization of the pregnant-unborn body, tracing this process through the deployment of sexuality that socialized fertility and the female body in the early eighteenth century. The second section discusses the responsibilization of the pregnant-unborn body through the technology of risk. Here I show how death infuses the discourse of state intervention in mortality rates, but as a strategic silence mobilizing the ethics of responsibility while never revealing the limits of biopower or the state's promise to foster, protect and enhance life. The third section turns to two discursive strategies tying the pregnant body and the foetal body in relation of responsibility: antenatal care and the reduction of perinatal mortality in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Western societies. These serve as more specific illustrations of how reproductive loss is taken up in politics of risk that remains in the biomedical understanding of pregnancy and childbirth today. I conclude with some reflections on the intercorporeality of becoming-unborn and becoming-death, connecting the struggle of parents bereaved by reproductive loss with a broader struggle to move beyond the biomedical control of life and death in an era of biopower.     

The Perceptions and Needs of Farm Dwellers Regarding Aging,Advanced Age,and Future Perspectives

Abstract

This article reports on a multidisciplinary study that was undertaken by the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education. This study was done on certain farms in the North West Province of South Africa and called the FLAGH study, meaning the Farm Labour, Agriculture and General Health study. This article reports on a need assessment of farm dwellers done during the second half of 2002 and focuses specifically on perceptions and needs regarding aging, advanced age and future perspectives of aged farm dwellers.

The objective of this study was to ascertain the psychosocial needs and problems of farm dwellers in order to eventually design, implement and evaluate a programme aimed at the improvement of the quality of life of farm dwellers. An exploratory study was done, utilising in-depth interviewing according to a schedule of both quantitative and qualitative nature. Certain aspects, like the attitude of the community towards the elderly, relationships of the elderly with peers, children, grandchildren and spouses were dealt with in this study. Topics like the needs or problems of the elderly, nearing death, old age homes and retirement were also covered in this project.     

Rethinking the Modern Transformation of Classical Chinese Literary Theory

Though it is not new, the topic of the modern transformation of classical Chinese literary theory still holds profound significance for China’s current efforts in carrying forward the essence of classical literary theory and constructing a new literary theory that conforms to the spirit of our times. Today, Chinese scholars have to handle two traditions: one is the classical literary scholarship up to the 19th century, distant in time and space from today; the other is the modern tradition that started in the early 20th century. These two traditions involve not only rupture and heterogeneous change but also continuity and partial homogeneous preservation. Taking our stand on the modern and contemporary tradition, we should consciously pursue research on classical literary theory, using modern consciousness to scrutinize, reorder, discover, select, interpret, activate and absorb its finer elements, those that are still vital, so as to creatively promote its modern transformation and further integrate it as an organic component of the construction of modern Chinese literary theory. Over the past two or three decades, Chinese scholars have been advancing this great project in a systematic and solid way, achieving gratifying progress. We must strengthen our efforts and make further progress with this great undertaking.     

理想与现实冲突中的人性回归：－再论于连的性格与品质

对于《红与黑》中的主人公于连 ,在文学界有种种评说。本文从当时法国的时代背景出发 ,探讨其性格与品质 ,并分析了性格形成的根源。     

“向死而生”:先秦儒道哲学立论方式辨正——兼与海德格尔的“为死而在”比较

以孔子、庄子为代表的先秦儒道哲学的立论方式是"向死而生",即面对鬼神的不可靠、不可知,在实用理性的观照下,以彻底的悲剧意识为动力,建立起超越生死的哲学体系。"未知生,焉知死",将鬼神、死亡等只能在理论上悬置的问题在践行中加以解决,斩断了鬼神、死亡与人的价值建立之间的联系;"朝闻道,夕死可矣"将人的全部价值限定于"闻道",从而超越了死亡;"不怨天,不尤人",剪除了外在因素,建立起人的自足性;"不知命,无以为君子也",把人的目的最终着落在虚灵的"天命"上;"至人无己,神人无功,圣人无名",是面对人的有限性建立起的审美人生。这些都是在"哲学突破"时期先秦思想面对理性的限度时做出的"向死而生"的转向,与海德格尔的"为死而在"形成鲜明的对比。     

托马斯·怀亚特宫廷诗的女性意识与性别书写

欧美学界通常盛赞文艺复兴的性别形象,怀亚特诗歌被视为男性气概的英国典型。怀亚特的赞美诗和讽喻诗却呈现出截然不同的女性意识和性别书写。前者内敛的特征体现了宗教改革和君主王权对男性主题的权力制约,后者揶揄的态度反映了历史主体和女性视角对性别意象的政治隐喻。从这两个层面解读怀亚特宫廷诗歌,揭示其男性书写的女性意识和政治生活,从而进一步探讨其性别观念的历史意义。     

论中国当代文学的反生态写作

生态危机日趋严重的时代，确立尊重自然、敬畏生命的生态意识是头等大事。于坚、贾平凹等中国当代作家的生态写作影响深远，但中国当代文学的反生态写作，例如革命意识形态、人道主义话语、消费文化等语境中的反生态写作，比比皆是，影响很大，流毒很深。这些反生态写作坚持人类中心主义，忽视大自然的内在价值，不尊重生态规律，使中国当代文学的内在精神受到损害。梳理与批判中国当代文学的反生态写作能够从反面警醒世人，促使作家超越反生态写作，承担生态启蒙之使命。     

基于文化交流视角的河南高校大学英语教学模式探讨

随着国际交流的不断深入,文化交流正日益成为不同国家及民族间建立互信和沟通心灵的重要工具。因此,大学英语的教学目标应作出相应调整,将过去以培养语言技巧为主改以培养学生的综合应用能力,尤其是学生的文化交际能力为主。河南高校大学英语教学应培养学生的跨文化意识,提高学生的文化敏感度和鉴赏力,帮助学生树立正确的文化观,努力适应社会和时代的发展要求。