基于财政分权的地方政府科技投入库兹涅茨曲线效应研究

依据2007—2016年中国省级动态面板数据,采用系统GMM估计方法,实证探讨了财政收入分权和支出分权对地方政府科技投入影响的库兹涅茨曲线效应。结果表明：样本考察期内,财政收入分权和支出分权对地方政府科技投入的影响均具有显著的倒“U”形特征,省级财政分权度的提高,显著激励地方政府扩大科技投入规模,而迈过倒“U”形曲线拐点,财政分权对地方政府科技投入的正向激励作用消失,转为负向抑制。系列控制变量中,地区经济发展水平、对外开放程度、政府竞争对地方政府科技投入具有正向激励作用,但政府竞争的影响不显著;而上一年度政府科技投入水平和城镇化水平对地方政府科技投入具有负向抑制作用,但后者的影响不显著。采用财政自给率指标替换财政分权变量进行二次回归,显示研究结果具有良好的稳健性。研究结论可为重新划分央地政府科技投入责任,完善地方官员晋升考核标准,提高财政科技资金使用效率,加大对欠发达地区财政转移支付力度,推动地区间科技投入合作提供决策参考。     

Women as Policy Makers: Evidence from a Randomized Policy Experiment in India

This paper uses political reservations for women in India to study the impact of women's leadership on policy decisions. Since the mid‐1990's, one third of Village Council head positions in India have been randomly reserved for a woman: In these councils only women could be elected to the position of head. Village Councils are responsible for the provision of many local public goods in rural areas. Using a dataset we collected on 265 Village Councils in West Bengal and Rajasthan, we compare the type of public goods provided in reserved and unreserved Village Councils. We show that the reservation of a council seat affects the types of public goods provided. Specifically, leaders invest more in infrastructure that is directly relevant to the needs of their own genders.     

Engaging decentralization in an uncertain political context: Lessons from Liberia

This study uses a Diagnostic Framework for Local Governance to evaluate the current capacity for administrative decentralization at the county level in Liberia, as well as to identify political economy challenges and opportunities surrounding decentralization. Applying the Problem‐Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA) framework to our findings, we offer recommendations for moving decentralization reform forward. We find strong demand for administrative decentralization among local officials, and propose that decentralization reform can be enhanced through incremental implementation that focuses on strengthening the existing structures and capacity of local administration, and through the creation of stronger accountability and participatory mechanisms. The triangulated research design includes focus group and interview data in eight Liberian counties, analyzed using NVivo Qualitative Data Analysis Software.     

Changing patterns of mobility,citizenship and conflict in Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Mobility and migration are inherent ingredients of Indonesian cultures. In an archipelago with thousands of islands of various size, character and nature, mobility is an important means to make a living and to survive by migration. The right to free movement in Indonesia is constitutionally granted. It can create mobility and give expression to equal citizenship rights at the same time as it can trigger the enforcement of borders among cultural groups and the ethnification of local and regional politics. Mobility thus always comes along with immobility. Physical mobility of one group of people might cause immobility of another group or it might create cultural and political immobility in the same group. In places such as Eastern Indonesia, people have developed reciprocal means to integrate newcomers. Whereas the immigrants are usually disadvantaged citizens with regards to land and customary rights, those living in the area for generations have nonetheless become integral parts of quite peaceful local settings, one way or the other. The advancement of decentralization, democratization and direct elections of political representatives can lead to political empowerment, the promotion of ethnicity as election capital and changing patterns of belonging. This paper illustrates these ambivalences by looking at mobility in Indonesia more generally and how changing national policies and laws lead to reinterpretations of mobility patterns and trigger changes in relations between local population groups and existing mechanisms of cultural and political inclusion and exclusion. Butonese migrants in Maluku will here serve as a case study.     

西方权力制衡理论的历史溯源

西方权力制衡理论萌芽于古希腊古罗马时代。亚里士多德在继承柏拉图思想的基础上提出了不同阶级通过参与城邦政治,并在不同政治机构中参与管理的混合政体思想。后古罗马的波里比阿提出了君主、寡头和民主三位一体的混合政体思想。此后,中世纪以王权和教权为主的二元权力化体系更是界定了政教各自独立、互相平衡、相互制约的控制领域。上述思想观点和实践为近代分权与制衡理论的形成奠定了思想基础。     

区际交易拓展：对政府与市场分野的思考

我国分权化改革所产生的强劲经济增长势头使人们将注意力集中在“政府权力赋予”的激励功能上,却忽视了“权力约束”对政府所能产生的市场维护和市场发展的合理激励。西方财政分权理论设定了要素跨区域流动的严格前提,实质上提出了一个分权激励与权力约束的对称性问题。本文针对我国地方政府扩展市场和分割市场的正反两种行为趋向,从制度视角分析了分权化体制对地方政府悖论行为产生的作用与影响,基于对体制纠错的思考对我国分权化体制的“分权激励与权力约束非对称”的制度安排缺陷进行了反思,在以西方财政分权理论中的政府权力约束为假定的条件下,从分权激励的逻辑推进上论证了政府权力约束的重要意义及实现政府权力约束的“依法行政”路径。     

财政体制改革、财政分权博弈与财政收入增长

财政体制改革分权实际上是中央地方财政支出分权、财政收入和地区转移支付分权的博弈调整,核心是财政支出责任分配与财政收入分成.博弈理论模型表明,中国财政支出分权、预算内外收入分权与转移支付分权确实对中央、地方与全国预算内外财政收入、地区间财政收入转移均衡、中央地方财政收入结构产生复杂影响,其影响取决于市场化分权、行政分权、中央-地方财政分权、中央-地方国有经济财政支出边际产出、国有部门与私有部门投资边际溢出、边际成本、征税成本等因素.中央与各地方应该采取差别化分权模式.     

中国的财政分权与经济增长

我们利用省级数据来估算中国自８０年代开始的财政分权在经济增长上所产生的作用。我们发现,在控制了同时期其它各项改革措施的影响后,财政分权提高了省级人均ＧＤＰ的增长率。这与财政分权可以提高经济效率的假说一致。另外,我们还发现农村改革、非国有部门的发展以及资本积累也推动中国经济在过去２０年里迅速增长的关键因素。     

论地方政府审批事权下放绩效评估三个维度——制度、利益和经济

要确定地方政府审批事权下放绩效评估的指标体系,有必要从制度维度、经济维度、利益维度三个角度进行考虑。对这三个维度的考察,是确保事权下放绩效评估体系构建全面性准确性的前提条件。