略论人的推理能力与智慧

人的智慧与其推理能力关系密切.推理能力是人的智慧的体现.学习推理是发展智慧的基础.学习推理要掌握演绎推理、归纳推理、类比推理等认识相对稳定状态的对象的推理,也要掌握认识发展变化对象的各种辩证推理.只有在实践中自觉地进行刻苦磨练,熟练地运用推理,才能产生智慧.     

价值判断是法律推理的灵魂

文章认为形式法律推理中,只有进行价值判断,才能打开前提与结论间的逻辑通道,避免出现“中词不同一”或不合“实质正义”的错误。在法律推理中,价值判断具有发现、比较、选择、归类、定性、量裁、导向等功能,这些功能对于法律推理来说是不可缺少的。没有价值判断就没有法律推理,有什么样的价值判断,就有什么样的法律推理。因而价值判断是法律推理的灵魂。      

Probabilities as Similarity‐Weighted Frequencies

A decision maker is asked to express her beliefs by assigning probabilities to certain possible states. We focus on the relationship between her database and her beliefs. We show that if beliefs given a union of two databases are a convex combination of beliefs given each of the databases, the belief formation process follows a simple formula: beliefs are a similarity‐weighted average of the beliefs induced by each past case.     

Self-deception facilitates interpersonal persuasion

Self-deception is both commonplace and costly, which raises the question of what purpose it might serve. According to the dominant explanation in psychology and economics, self-deception is an intrapersonal process that fortifies and protects the self from threatening information. An alternative possibility is that self-deception evolved as an interpersonal strategy to persuade others. To investigate interpersonal aspects of self-deception, we gave people a persuasive task and measured their information processing biases and their persuasiveness. Results revealed that people who were financially motivated to persuade another person in a particular direction demonstrated a self-deceptive information processing bias consistent with their persuasive goals. This information processing bias led people to convince themselves of the veracity of their persuasive goal, and subsequently to be more persuasive to others. These findings suggest that self-deception has interpersonal benefits that offset its costs.     

浅析法律方法及其适用

法律方法是联结法律理论与实务的桥梁和纽带,其正确适用与否将事关司法审判结果的公正与否,因而意义重大。在法律日益专业化和职业化的今天,法律已经成为法律专业人士的一门技术工作,更离不开对法律方法的掌握与适用。我们应当了解法律方法的研究对象和一般的法律方法,能够做到自觉运用,科学指导我们的法律实务工作,推动法律适用的科学严谨,实现法律的公平和正义之要求。     

重思实践检验与逻辑证明的关系

实践检验标准和逻辑证明的关系一直是马克思主义基本原理中的一个重要问题，也是逻辑和认知中的一个难解课题，尤其是在中国的特殊背景下，两者的关系更是引起人们的普遍关注。“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”有自己特定的语义，应该准确把握。对其进行认真分析，发现这一真理有着自己坚实的理论根据。为了更好地坚持这一标准，必须排除常见的其他非马克思主义的真理标准的干扰，然而唯有逻辑证明标准例外。在马克思主义基本原理看来，逻辑证明和实践标准是辩证统一的关系，逻辑证明是实践标准的重要补充，甚至是其重要组成部分。     

Management’s causal reasoning on performance and earnings management

We investigate the association between the intensity of causal reasoning on performance in a firm’s annual management commentary and its earnings management propensity. Anticipated earnings management concerns are argued to constitute a significant accountability predicament, bringing management to offer more intense causal reasoning in order to mitigate investors’ earnings management concerns. We use computer-intensive techniques to measure causal reasoning intensity as a generic disclosure quality in the management commentary of a large sample of US firms from 1999 to 2007. We find that accruals earnings management (signed discretionary accruals) is positively associated with causal reasoning intensity. The positive association holds for alternative specifications of accruals earnings management (an earnings management dummy model and an analyst expectations model) and in a change model. Our results are consistent with the assertion that firms strategically use causal reasoning on performance to establish appropriateness and cognitive legitimacy, increase perceived plausibility of reported performance and mitigate performance-related concerns of investors.     

普通法中的两类主要推理依据

普通法方法中为了回答法律问题,要使用到多种推理依据,其中最重要的两种依据是形式性依据和实质性依据。形式性依据是具有权威形式的推理依据,典型代表为制定法和案例,还包括学者的论述、评论、法律汇编、重述等内容。其中有法律拘束力的制定法和案例是最有力的形式性依据。实质性依据不具有权威形式,而是凭借其内容的内在逻辑而获得说服力的推理依据,主要包括道德依据和政策目标依据两大类。普通法法官推理中,形式性依据的重要性是首位的,实质性依据起到辅助的作用,只有存在法律不周全的情况下,实质性依据才能成为首要推理依据。     

回溯推理的一般模式究竟应该是怎样的?--兼与张学立先生商榷

从因果理论和人们的回溯推理实践考察可知,回溯推理根据的是结果与原因的确定联系;要获得正确结论,关键在于毫无遗漏地列举与已知事件相关的可能原因和正确地排除非现实原因。根据这一原理可以给出回溯推理的正确模式。反过来,正确模式对人们的推理实践有启示和指导意义。     

对SEP(→换质)SA中的正确理解

运用普通逻辑中概念部分的有关理论,结合现代汉语知识,对SEP换质SA P中 P的含义进行了多角度分析。