对芝诺否定事物是"多"的二难推理的拆解和破斥

芝诺论证事物是“一”而不是“多”的二难推理 ,留给后人诸多谜团。文章对其推理的全部过程进行了较为清晰的拆解 ,然后主要以物质存在的层次性和层次之间“关节点”的矛盾性观点对芝诺的思想进行了破斥。     

Children's Moral Reasoning Regarding Physical and Relational Aggression

Elementary school children's moral reasoning concerning physical and relational aggression was explored. Fourth and fifth graders rated physical aggression as more wrong and harmful than relational aggression but tended to adopt a moral orientation about both forms of aggression. Gender differences in moral judgments of aggression were observed, with girls rating physical and relational aggression as more wrong and relational aggression as more harmful than boys. In addition, girls were more likely to adopt a moral orientation when judging physical and relational aggression and girls more often judged relational aggression than physical aggression from the moral domain. Finally, moral reasoning about aggression was associated with physically and relationally aggressive behavior. Considered together, the results indicate that children tend to adopt a moral orientation about aggression, but that they nonetheless differentiate between physical and relational aggression in their moral judgments.     

Decision Making in Evidence‐Based Practice: Science and Art

In this article the author reviews problems in the implementation of evidence‐based practices (EBP) and concludes that these derive not only from numerous practical concerns, but also from fundamental epistemological issues. These include an antiquated understanding of the scientific method, involving types of naive inductivism and rationalism. The central argument of this article is that recent developments in the field of naturalistic decision making provide a critical framework for understanding the problems in the implementation of EBP, as well as possible avenues for their resolution. Developments that are reviewed include the use of heuristics, decision trees, case‐based reasoning, as well as an example of a generalized model of expert decision making. Such models increasingly combine situational awareness with critical thinking and metacognitive capacities. They promise to more effectively focus the application of rational and empirical problem‐solving methods, such as EBP, on the most complex problems.     

理性与实践的互动——海洋科学技术的选择与应用问题研究

人类理性的有限性,决定了科学技术的发展是一种逐渐贴近现实的试错过程。尽管海洋科学技术有了非常大的进步,但人类对于广袤的海洋依然有着太多的不知。社会实践的需要是推动海洋科学技术发展的根本力量。那么,如何在日益庞大的海洋科学技术群中选择与应用就成为非常现实的问题。本文力图从受益范围的角度,按照经济学的方法把海洋科学技术分为三大类：公益性、准公益性和私益性,并针对不同类别的海洋科学技术的特点提出相应的选择、验证与资助的标准。人类理性与社会实践的互动,是推动海洋科学技术的发展、促进海洋经济的繁荣的根本途径。     

Teaching Introductory Statistics Courses So That Nonstatisticians Experience Statistical Reasoning

The most critical point in developing dynamic introductory statistics courses for nonstatisticians is deciding whether to teach statistical reasoning (concepts and thinking), statistical methods (computations), or both. Statistical reasoning should precede statistical methods. Workshop-based courses effectively provide situated learning and an intimate teaching environment. Use real (or realistic) data, graphics, and teach exploratory data analysis before classical methods. Evaluate the students' levels of statistical anxiety prior to and during the course.     

基于区间数证据推理方法的用户满意度调查

目前,加权平均法是一种比较常见的满意度调查结果的汇总方法,但是这种方法的前提条件是决策者的偏好结构满足加性独立条件,否则需要采用非线性综合方法。本文旨在考虑决策者偏好不满足加性独立条件下,将用户满意度抽样调查过程中产生的置信度和置信区间与调查问卷中的用户不确定的评价结果统一进行考虑,并采用mass函数值为区间数的证据推理方法分析基于抽样调查得到的以置信区间表示的用户满意度调查的结果综合问题。最后以某网络信息中心用户满意度调查为例展开实证分析。     

论刑事判决书说理与法官释法权的衔接

学者多从刑事诉讼法学的角度探讨刑事判决书说理性的不足,但从刑事实体法上看,其实质上内含着刑事法官解释权的运用问题。法官审理、裁判案件的过程既是适用法律的过程,更是对案件事实和法律规范做出详细解释的过程。结合案件事实明确法律文本的真意是法律解释的本旨,而刑事判决书对判决理由的陈述就是展示这一解释过程的载体。由于我国刑事法官一直不享有法律解释权,体现在刑事判决书方面即是对案件事实及适用法律理由的解释、论证不足,判决书说理性差。如果法官能够主动运用法律解释权,那将对于加强刑事判决书的说理性和提升法官素质都具有积极的意义。     

法律修辞与逻辑

论者通常把修辞与逻辑对立起来,很少论及二者如何统一于论证过程,而在法律领域尤其需要这种统一.法律的学科特点在于其推理前提的开放性和结论的封闭性,因而在法律推理过程中,需要通过修辞将开放的前提集合论证为可接受的封闭性前提集合,也需要通过逻辑根据封闭的前提得出必然的结论.文章通过对法律推理过程及其特点的分析,论证了法律修辞与逻辑的统一性,即逻辑是修辞,是最具说服力的一种修辞;修辞也是逻辑,是在无法直接进行演绎推理时所备选的逻辑.其目的都在于提高法律推理结论的可接受性.     

香港推理小说的推理方式——论倪匡、陈娟的推理小说

在归纳推理、演绎推理、回溯推理中,香港推理小说家侧重于完全归纳推理、直接推理和三段论,以及简单式回溯推理。文章以倪匡、陈娟的推理小说为例,解读香港推理小说推理方式的特点。     

“辩者21事”之解读：分析性理性要与辩证理性相结合

名家学派特别注重“概念流动性”及其内涵的矛盾性,提出了以“辩者21事”为代表的一系列富有启发性的幛论性命题。“辨者21事”旨在揭示运动的内在矛盾性,讨论个别与一般的关系,讨论生物演化,刻画理想化概念,以及围绕语言哲学问题展开并且涉及逻辑,认知过程与一心灵哲学。所有涉及运动、变化的悖论性命题唯有运用微积分的辩证法思想。并且结合逻辑分析,才能得到合理的解释。其实,辩证法应当经受得起分析哲学家的批判性分析。在进行语义分析与逻辑分析的过程中,分析性理性与辩证理性有机结合,即能够正确解读所有相关悖论。