Gender and Moral Reasoning

Abstract

Social work interventions for youths should be based on understanding how youths think about important issues in their lives. This study assesses the moral reasoning of 43 urban, low-income African American seventh graders in response to questions about how to handle dating dilemmas. Responses to videotaped dating situations were analyzed using qualitative methods to distinguish between justice and care perspectives. The majority of responses from both genders came from the justice perspective. Girls gave more responses that reflected care and combined justice and care perspectives. Boys were less skillful in communicating and tended to focus on negative consequences. Culture and social class appeared to play important roles in moral reasoning.     

Mainland Chinese Adolescents' Judgments and Reasoning about Self-determination and Nurturance Rights

Younger (13 years) and older (17 years) adolescents (N  =  160) from urban and rural China responded to written scenarios in which children's rights to self-determination and nurturance conflicted with the desires of authorities. They also evaluated scenarios in which children's desire to exercise self-determination was in conflict with their own welfare interests (nurturance). Older participants and those from urban settings were more likely than younger participants and those from rural settings to endorse self-determination, both when in conflict with authority and nurturance. When supporting self-determination, participants appealed to individual rights, autonomy, and personal choice in their justifications. The findings indicate that concepts of diverse types of rights are maintained by adolescents from both modern and traditional settings in China.     

略论类比推理结论可靠性的判定

传统逻辑领先寻求“尽量多”的相似点，来提高类比推理结论的可靠性，不仅使人们难以把握非确定时空条件下的“尽量多”，而且这个“尽量多”概念本身就是模糊的，也难免在“尽量多”的属性中出现冗余信息，一些实观条件也不允许人们去寻找“尽量多”的相似属性。因此，对于类比推理结论的可靠性，不必刻意追求“尽量多”，而可以用决定性、一致性和相关性来判定，并可运用概率论、集合论的知识，将其分别形式化。     

Ethics Instruction Increases Graduate Students' Responsible Conduct of Research Knowledge but not Moral Reasoning

The purpose of this study was to assess the short-term effectiveness of ethics courses in enhancing responsible conduct of research (RCR) knowledge and moral judgment among graduate students in health-related disciplines. Forty-eight graduate students completed a questionnaire about research experience, knowledge and judgments about appropriate research practices, and a standardized test of moral judgment at the beginning and end of a semester-long ethics course. Knowledge about RCR but not moral judgment increased significantly in some areas. The results are discussed in terms of implications for RCR instruction and of future research designed to improve RCR instruction.     

Gender and Moral Reasoning

Abstract

Social work interventions for youth should be based on understanding how youth think about important issues in their lives. This study assesses the moral reasoning of 43 urban, low-income African American seventh graders in response to questions about how to handle dating dilemmas. Responses to videotaped dating situations were analyzed using qualitative methods to distinguish between justice and care perspectives. The majority of responses from both genders came from the justice perspective. Girls gave more responses that reflected care and combined justice and care perspectives. Boys were less skillful in communicating and tended to focus on negative consequences. Culture and social class appeared to play important roles in moral reasoning.     

基于证据推理的不确定多属性决策方法

针对基本属性权重的不确定性,以及基本属性与广义属性评价集的不一致性等问题,提出一种基于证据推理的不确定多属性决策方法,将证据推理算法推广到更一般的决策环境中.根据决策矩阵的信息熵客观地获得属性的权系数;而对于基本属性与广义属性评价集不一致的情况,则通过对基本属性分布评价的模糊化及模糊变换,合理地实现到广义分布评价的统一形式;最后应用证据推理算法得到整个方案集的排序.实例结果表明,该方法是可行的、有效的.     

早期新诗"说理风气"之形成

在早期中国新诗中,“说理”这一观念的产生及传播,直至成为主导范型之一,不仅凸现了早期新诗的特殊语境,也反映了时人对于新诗不同的想像方式。胡适以“说理”为视角,以建立自己于旧文学的风格性,并藉此开拓出新诗之空间。在其后关于新诗的种种辩驳中,“诗文之分”、“诗之好坏”、“说理与诗”等话题亦被讨论,而成为新诗话语争夺之场所。     

基于Web的五金产品个性化定制平台研制与开发

为提高五金产品生产企业的市场竞争力,针对五金产品生产企业的特点,提出基于Web的五金产品个性化定制平台的体系结构;采用支持远程协同浏览功能的STViewer为客户提供最直观的产品展示;运用基于实例推理技术（Case Based Reasoning, CBR）求解产品配置方法,为实现异地分布环境下客户驱动的个性化定制,降低企业生产成本,提高市场竞争力,提供了有效途径。     

英语字母的根表意（上）

由逻辑推理[1]可知,英语字母应该表示一些类似于公理或公理性假设的"概念"。因此,从单词的定义可以反向推论出英语字母所隐含的"概念",这是一个方面。另一方面,西方人的思维方式,如同Nisbett[2]所揭示的,决定了英语字母所隐含的"概念"应该起源于与其相似的个别事物(particular instances)或现象,然后在此基础上经过归纳推理得到,这些在本文被定义为字母的根表意。此外,西方人的思维方式还决定了字母l/L可以表示:任何人或事物(anybody or anything),其中的道理就类似于牛顿力学用一个抽象的﹑没有几何尺寸的质点模型来表示具有几何尺寸的诸多现实物体。因此,将由归纳推理所得到的英语字母的根表意和从英语单词的定义所推论出来的根表意相互检验比较,并结合一些西方文化习俗等方面的背景,就能既符合逻辑地又符合常识地揭示出英语字母的根表意和英语单词背后所隐含的图画。     

类比法律推理的性质与难题

运用类比来进行法律推理是法律学习和适用的核心。类比法律推理与作为法律续造之法的类推制度、类推解释并不处于同一对话语境。类比法律推理是一种法律发现方法。类比法律推理的难题在于如何确立比较的基点并从中发现具有规范意义的比较点,然后再以实质性和相关性为基础判断这些比较点的重要程度。在比较、判断的过程中,类比法律推理应该回应刑法规范的要求。