Participation of non-dominant students in argumentation in the mathematics classroom

This article focuses on argumentation in mathematics classrooms in two different geographic contexts, the US and New Zealand. Drawing on data from a case with immigrant students (Pāsifika) in NZ and a case with Mexican American students in the US, we argue for the need to study the concept of argumentation through a cultural and language lens. Our analysis across the two cases points to common features that supported students’ engagement in argumentation. Building relationships and encouraging and supporting students to be themselves are seen as resources for argumentation. The similarities across two very different contexts are striking. As we think of how to develop environments that support non-dominant students’ participation in mathematical argumentation, we may want to learn from and build on students’ cultural ways of being.     

Strategic Capacity Management When Customers Have Boundedly Rational Expectations

In retailing industries, such as apparel, sporting goods, customer electronics, and appliances, many firms deploy sophisticated modeling and optimization software to conduct dynamic pricing in response to uncertain and fluctuating market conditions. However, the possibility of markdown pricing creates an incentive for customers to strategize over the timing of their purchases. How should a retailing firm optimally account for customer behavior when making its pricing and stocking/capacity decisions? For example, is it optimal for a firm to create rationing risk by deliberately under stocking products? In this study, we develop a stylized modeling framework to answer these questions. In our model, customers strategize over the timing of their purchases. However, customers have boundedly rational expectations in the sense of anecdotal reasoning about the firm's fill rate, i.e., they have to rely on anecdotes, past experiences, or word‐of‐mouth to infer the firm's fill rate. In our modeling framework, we distinguish two settings: (i) capacity commitment, where the firm commits to its capacity level in the long run, or (ii) the firm dynamically changes it in each season. For both settings, within the simplest form of anecdotal reasoning, we prove that strategic capacity rationing is not optimal independent of customer risk preferences. Then, using a general form of anecdotal reasoning, we provide sufficient conditions for capacity rationing to be optimal for both settings, respectively. We show that the result of strategic capacity rationing being suboptimal is fairly robust to different valuation distributions and utility functions, heterogeneous sample size, and price optimization.     

从主位推进分析看司法判决推理

司法判决书是裁判过程的书面表达。法官做出裁判的过程,实质上就是以认定的案件事实和相关的法律规范为前提,运用演绎形式推理合乎逻辑地推演出判决结论的司法判决推理过程。综合Danes(1974)提出的5种主位推进模式和徐盛桓(1982)提出的4 种主位推进模式,并根据提出的连贯话语推进的9 种主位述位逻辑关系,探讨一篇优秀民事判决书的“本院认为……”部分如何实现演绎形式推理和法律命题内容实质推理双重共振的司法判决推理过程,从法律语言学视角对当前我国的裁判文书改革朝着论证体裁方向发展提供有益启示和借鉴。     

Use of Fuzzy Evidential Reasoning in Maritime Security Assessment

Over the last few years, there has been a growing international recognition that the security performance of the maritime industry needs to be reviewed on an urgent basis. A large number of optional maritime security control measures have been proposed through various regulations and publications in the post-9/11 era. There is a strong need for a sound and generic methodology, which is capable of taking into account multiple selection criteria such as the cost effectiveness of the measures based on reasonable security assessment. The use of traditional risk assessment and decision-making approaches to deal with potential terrorism threats in a maritime security area reveals two major challenges. They are lack of capability of analyzing security in situations of high-level uncertainty and lack of capability of processing diverse data in a utility form suitable as input to a risk inference mechanism. To deal with such difficulties, this article proposes a subjective security-based assessment and management framework using fuzzy evidential reasoning (ER) approaches. Consequently, the framework can be used to assemble and process subjective risk assessment information on different aspects of a maritime transport system from multiple experts in a systematic way. Outputs of this model can also provide decisionmakers with a transparent tool to evaluate maritime security policy options for a specific scenario in a cost-effective manner.     

Friendship, transactive dialogues, and the development of scientific reasoning

This study investigated the significance of friendship for scientific reasoning. We had two main goals: First, assess whether collaborations between friends fostered greater development of scientific reasoning than collaborations between acquaintances, and second, identify which features of friends' collaborative dialogues mediated their greater problem solving accuracy. Fifth graders collaborated on isolation of variables problems of varying difficulty with either a friend or an acquaintance. The results showed that adolescents paired with friends obtained higher problem solving accuracy than adolescents paired with acquaintances during both the collaborative and the posttest sessions. However, the cognitive advantages of working with a friend were only evident in the most difficult isolation of variables problems. Analyses of friends' and acquaintances' dialogues showed that friends were more likely than acquaintances to evaluate their solutions, justify their proposals spontaneously, elaborate and critique each other's reasoning, and engage in transactive discussions. Evaluating outcomes and participating in transactive conflicts were significantly associated with better problem solving, and consequently these may be the two key mechanisms through which friendship effects developmental changes in scientific reasoning. The results are discussed in terms of the need to understand developmental features of relationships and how these features mediate cognitive development and the need to take a longitudinal approach to the study of the relation between transactive dialogues and the development of scientific reasoning.     

解读马克思主义哲学的人学本体观

本体论不仅仅是哲学必须给予回答的问题 ,更是一种哲学解答问题的方式。作为哲学所独具的思维方式 ,本体论并没有因为马克思主义哲学的创始人立足于实践开拓的哲学新视野而消解。马克思主义哲学并没有在一般意义上去弘扬唯物主义的基本观点 ,而是攫取了一个独特的理论视角 ,将集中反映了物质与意识对立统一关系的“人”作为理论观照的焦点。正是这一理论视角的转移 ,充分展示了新唯物主义既根本区别于唯心主义 ,又完全不同于旧唯物主义的全新致思理路。基于这一全新的人学本体观 ,马克思主义的创始人从“现实的人”的活动即实践出发 ,建构起了新唯物主义的理论大厦 ,在“实践的唯物主义”的新的理论层面上更进一步地展现出了深刻的人学意蕴     

邓小平思想政治教育理论的基本方法

邓小平在领导中国革命和建设的长期实践中,不断总结经验,提出了具有指导意义的思想政治教育理论的基本方法,主要包括:说服教育,以理服人;批评与自我批评;运用大众传媒;典型教育;开展精神文明创建等。     

反事实假设复句的逻辑分析

反事实假设复句是对客观事实的反面的假设,由假设而生的结果根本不可能实现。对反事实假设复句的逻辑分析就是要揭示出它所蕴涵的逻辑思维形式,即差异推理(求异法)、反证法和比喻推理。据此,反事实假设复句可以揭示事物间的因果联系、论证某个命题和表明说话者的主观态度和情感。     

皮尔士溯因理论对翻译过程TAPs实证研究的反思

从翻译研究前沿的翻译过程实证研究谈起,在认识皮尔士哲学思想、溯因理论发展过程、溯因逻辑推理的基础上,从皮尔士认识论角度探讨皮尔士溯因本能的假设生成过程和溯因推理的假设评估过程在翻译研究中的体现：翻译单位的动态变化,同一译者、同一文本使用的不同的主客观翻译单位,翻译策略使用中去桎化策略与心理词汇提取过程体现溯因猜想和溯因推理的相融、交互的动态过程。同时对翻译过程实证研究的哲学严谨性、确定性真理观进行探讨,呼吁用皮尔士理论对翻译过程进行反思,以促成实证研究的进一步发展。     

论法律推理大前提的确定

法律推理的大前提主要有成文法和判例。以成文法为法律推理大前提时,必须明确其逻辑结构;以判例为大前提时,往往是运用类比推理和归纳推理的方法;在出现大前提空缺、含糊或冲突时,就要用辩论推理。