论法官说理义务的障碍及解决

为了树立司法权威,提高司法公信力,2012年新修订的《民事诉讼法》明确规定了法官说理义务。这需要从两方面贯彻实施:一方面,应当修正限制法官说理的司法政策,从而塑造良好的制度环境;另一方面,应当对判决书的样式做相应的调整,从以法官展示事实、适用法律为中心转向以说服当事人接受判决结果为中心。     

传统逻辑直言命题推理的扩充

传统逻辑的直言推理包涵易被忽略的内容,文中力图揭示这些内容;一旦用一阶逻辑形式化直言推理以后,在得到精确性的同时,又失去了思维的直觉,对扩展思维方法并无好处。但这种推理还可以用现代数学的图论进行扩充,发掘更多的连通关系;最后还可以用知识库理论扩充,以让传统逻辑发挥更大的作用。     

论宋代公文的说理性特征

宋朝文书传递制度的变化、优渥文人的政策以及宋人的政治热情,加之古文运动对文风的矫枉过正,使得北宋公文呈现强烈的说理议论色彩,具体显现在引经、举史、录事等方面。过于偏重说理议论的文风,背离了公文写作的本质,对公文效力影响较大,在一定程度上影响了古文运动的成就。     

非周期TBox框架下的推理——拟经典描述逻辑与超协调表演算(英文)

源自当今互联网的语义网研究的目的是定义信息语义和网络服务,因此需要赋予网络智能以便能够自动对网络内容进行推理。各种描述逻辑(DLs)在语义网的研究中扮演着重要角色,构成了W3C推荐的网络本体语言(OWL)的基础,而OWL源于为达到语义网目标的人工智能(AI)本体论研究。语义网的知识和数据量巨大、分散、来源众多且因此通常不具有协调性。因此,必须开发针对非协调本体的实用的推理技术。该文基于Hunter的拟经典逻辑(QCL),构造了新型超协调拟经典描述逻辑(QCDLs),避免了逻辑爆炸问题,同时,针对基于非周期TBox的知识库推理问题,建立了QCDLs语义表演算,进而定义了一种可靠、完备且可判定的推理关系,从而构建了完整的语义网推理框架。与其他重要的超协调描述逻辑进行了比较,结果表明QCDLs具有更强的表达语义和推理能力,并且其相关行为在目标层次上表现出经典性。     

常规关系认知推理与翻译的解码、编码

本文将常规关系认知推理与翻译过程,即解码、编码相结合,试图用二者在信息处理上的优势,从认知的角度,利用常规关系认知推理及逆推理所具有的强大解释力和概括力为翻译研究提供一个理论框架,并在此框架下建立一种翻译的解码与编码模式,从认知角度来指导翻译过程研究。     

Are there Gender Differences in the Ethics Judgments of Marketing Managers?

This study found that moral reasoning predicts intention to act in an ethical dilemma, but that this behavior is not modified by gender differences. Fishbein and Ajzen’s Reasoned Action model was used to predict intention to act in ethical dilemmas, while the Kohlberg and Gilligan paradigms of moral reasoning were introduced as exogenous variables. The theory of reasoned action model was found to be a good predictor of intention as hypothesized. Suggestions for further research are included. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Made sense and remembered sense: Sensemaking through abduction

The purpose of this article is threefold: to present a general framework for investigating processes of reasoning and problem solving in market-related situations that are not transparent, to present some central processes involved in sensemaking, and to present a set of key elements of abductive reasoning. The paper focuses on the processes involved in making sense, on the on-line generation of explanations, and on logics more suitable for on-line and commonsense reasoning than classical logic. Although some of the roots of experts' reasoning must be aleatory (probabilistic), the focus of the paper is epistemic (causal) reasoning in ill-structured domains. The professional decision maker is seen as equipped with a diverse mental toolbox. The on-line making of new sense is a process that we are only beginning to understand. Likewise, the process involved in strategy shift and the changing of mind are not well understood. Nonmonotonic, abductive reasoning is presented as a framework within which we can start to understand, and possibly re-evaluate on-line and creative economic decision making.     

计算机与智力:推理过程的机械化

在概述几何定理机器证明近期成果的基础上,提出了推理过程机械化的一个关键问题,即对计算机推理产生的那些不能用人工检验的结论如何看待的问题。     

浅析法律论证

法律论证是通过提出某些论据或理由来证明法律决定正确性的活动,从而实现法律理性的目标。所以,首先必须了解法律论证的历史发展和研究现状,才能明确法律论证的外延范围,不然很容易引起混乱。接着分析传统法律推理的局限性,说明当今法律推理已经不再是形式逻辑在司法中的简单运用。最后提出法律论证理论,并对于认识论带来的明希豪森困境,提出自己的解决方法。