儿童归纳推理的多样性效应研究现状及展望

归纳推理具有许多心理效应,如多样性效应、典型性效应和单调性效应等。其中多样性效应及研究方法备受关注,已有研究通过寻找证据、论断力度判别、属性扩展与归宿选择等方法来研究多样性效应。有关儿童归纳推理多样性效应的国内外研究表明儿童的归纳推理主要是受知识经验的影响,而不是受机制问题的影响。人格特质因素和属性可见性对儿童归纳推理多样性也有影响,并且国内外研究结论略有不同,显示多样性效应具有年龄差异与跨文化比较的特点。     

On the Relation of Personal Experience to Early Adolescents' Reasoning About Best Friendship Deterioration

The primary goal of this study was to investigate the association between early adolescents' generalized beliefs about the causes of best friendship deterioration and dissolution and conflict experiences in their own best friendships. An additional goal was to assess whether early adolescents' self-esteem moderated this association. Participants listed their beliefs about the causes of best friendship deterioration and dissolution, indicated whether conflicts described in a series of vignettes had occurred in one of their best friendships, and described two conflicts they had experienced in their best friendships. They also judged the seriousness of the vignette and personally experienced conflicts. As predicted, early adolescents included conflict issues they had experienced personally more frequently in their causal inventories than conflict issues that they had not experienced personally. However, contrary to predictions, the perceived seriousness of the conflicts did not influence their inclusion in participants' causal inventories. While high and low self-esteem adolescents had similar beliefs about the causes of best friendship deterioration and dissolution, low self-esteem adolescents perceived their conflicts as more serious and their friendships as more fragile.     

张澜在保路运动中与赵尔丰首次说理交锋时间考

张澜是四川保路运动的领导者之一，曾与清廷新任川督赵尔丰展开针锋相对的斗争，成为引发辛亥革命的重要人物。关于张澜与赵尔丰首次说理交锋的时间，学界有三种说法，究竟哪种说法正确，成为研究张澜应该解决的重要问题之一。本文在考订大量历史文献的基础上，提出了作者的看法。     

试论形象性语言中“比理”成分的英译

用一个简单、具体、形象的事理来说明一个复杂、笼统、抽象的事理即是本文所称的“比理”,它是形象性语言中的一大类别。本文从形象思维的角度对“比理”成分的英译问题进行了一定的分析和研究,并指出了“比理”成分在英译过程中所出现的部分问题。     

法律人的思维特征

法律人的思维特征,涉及内容和形式两个方面,主要有:法律人总是关注事物的法律方面;法律人思考和解决过去的事情;法律人思维的基本元素是法律概念;法律人最常进行的判断是"合法还是非法"、"有责任还是无责任"、"是这种责任还是那种责任";法律人推理的形式是演绎推理;法律人习惯于"无罪推理"或"无违法推理";法律人推崇法律真实;法律人崇尚程序公正.     

高校突发事件应急辅助决策专家系统构建研究

随着我国高校社会化、国际化程度的不断加深,各类突发事件在高校时有发生,并有逐步增加的趋势。为了提高高校应急处置能力,根据高校突发事件的现状和特点,融合CBR(案例推理)和RBR(规则推理)两种先进的人工智能方法,构建了高校突发事件应急辅助决策专家系统,提出了系统的整体框架和工作流程,并讨论了CBR和RBR的具体设计,为解决高校突发事件中的科学决策问题提供了一种新的思路。     

Humanising Managerialism: Reclaiming Emotional Reasoning,Intuition, the Relationship,and Knowledge and Skills in Social Work

This paper develops Professor Eileen Munro's coverage of ‘emotional dimensions’ in her Review of Child Protection in England. It argues that managerialism has failed to recognise the importance of the emotional life of human beings and the importance of the relationships we build in social work and that this failure seriously hinders the quality and effectiveness of social work. The paper begins with an account of what an ‘emotional dimension’ might encompass and, drawing on conceptualisations mainly from neuroscience, looks at what is meant by the words emotions and feelings, affect, attunement and empathy. A second section looks at the skewed representation of logical thinking as innately superior to emotional and intuitive reasoning and the part played by conscious and unconscious elements within judicial decision-making. It then analyses the dangers evident in the more extreme and rigid forms of managerialism that can be found in some areas of social work and a final section argues that for managerialism to be humanised it calls for an emotionally responsive relationship-based practice to be located at the heart of social work.     

抽象概念在指导性案例中的具体化方式--以最高法院指导性案例11号为例

在司法实践中,如何将法律规范中的抽象概念进行具体化阐释,是一个比较困难的问题,具有正式法律效力的指导性案例能够为解决这一问题提供提示和启发。在指导性案例11号中,司法者对“利用职务上的便利”进行了扩张解释,对“公共财产”进行了创新性的界定,其中都体现了经验、智慧和实践理性。但是,这种阐释也有一定的隐忧,包括扩张解释边界、法官能动性的发挥都不确定,法律解释方法的实用主义色彩以及忽视量刑环节等。指导性案例中对抽象概念的阐释实质上是司法实践现状与发展方向的缩影。     

The Role of Intuition in Risk/Benefit Decision-Making in Human Subjects Research

One of the key principles of ethical research involving human subjects is that the risks of research to should be acceptable in relation to expected benefits. Institutional review board (IRB) members often rely on intuition to make risk/benefit decisions concerning proposed human studies. Some have objected to using intuition to make these decisions because intuition is unreliable and biased and lacks transparency. In this article, I examine the role of intuition in IRB risk/benefit decision-making and argue that there are practical and philosophical limits to our ability to reduce our reliance on intuition in this process. The fact that IRB risk/benefit decision-making involves intuition need not imply that it is hopelessly subjective or biased, however, since there are strategies that IRBs can employ to improve their decisions, such as using empirical data to estimate the probability of potential harms and benefits, developing classification systems to guide the evaluation of harms and benefits, and engaging in moral reasoning concerning the acceptability of risks.     

语言规律的多样性及其研究方法

语言现象是极度复杂的，语言规律的表现形态也是多种多样的。演绎规律、统计规律、功能目的规律、发生规律等四种规律，它们适用于语言的不同方面，没有优劣之分。要成功寻找这些规律不仅要有专业知识的积累，也应注重相关知识的培养。