逆防卫的许禁之争及其适用条件分析

原不当侵害人对不当防卫能否进行逆防卫,理论上存在赞成与反对两种观点。当面临生命或重大健康安全时人会本能地反击,这是人性的表面,国外立法和我国正当防卫制度都没有否定原不法侵害人的逆防卫权。着眼于加害与被害的关系,否定逆防卫人的逆防卫权有脱离现实之嫌。但逆防卫毕竟是一种特殊的防卫,如果按正当防卫的一般条件要求逆防卫人,不利于原防卫人权利的保护,因而还必须为其设置一些特殊的限制条件。从逆防卫的特殊性出发,除满足正当防卫的一般条件外,逆防卫的成立还要满足四个条件：一是不当防卫必须严重危及人身安全;二是严重危及人身安全的不当防卫非常紧迫;三是对严重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪不允许进行逆防卫;四是逆防卫人必须履行躲避义务。     

明代辽东海防体系建制与军事聚落特征研究

通过对明代军事管理体制演化进程的分析,以及对明代辽东长城军事聚落与沿海军事聚落在防御对象、地理条件、建置沿革、规划布局、功能等方面的比较研究,揭示了明代辽东沿海军事聚落的形态特征,证明了明代辽东沿海军事聚落是一个立体化而高效率的防御空间;其体系化的规划布局和功能设计,使这一系统具备了层次化的纵深防御和独特的信息传递功能。     

高等学校国防教育学科建设研究

高等学校国防教育学科建设是根据国家开展全民国防教育的方针政策和策略,并结合高校自身开展国防教育的实践及其特点和规律,采取必要的措施和手段,促进高校国防教育学科发展和水平提高的活动过程。本文主要从高等学校国防教育学科建设的界定,高等学校国防教育学科建设的意义及价值,我国高等学校国防教育学科建设取得的主要成就和存在的主要问题,以及推进我国高等学校国防教育学科建设的对策与措施等方面,来阐述对高等学校国防教育学科建设的观点及看法。     

Defender–Attacker Games with Asymmetric Player Utilities

The presence of strategic attackers has become an important factor in the security and protection of systems, especially since the 9/11/2001 attacks, and considerable efforts have been dedicated to its study. When defending against the strategic attacker, many existing studies assume that the attacker would seek to minimize the defender's utility, which implies that the defender and attacker have symmetric utilities. However, the attacker's objective is determined by its own valuation of the system and target of the attack, which is not necessarily consistent with the defender's utility. If the attacker unexpectedly targets a different utility, then the defense strategy might no longer be optimal. In particular, the defense strategy could be inferior if the attacker's utility is not known to the defender. This study considers a situation where the defender's utility is the system survivability and the attacker's utility is the expected number of destroyed elements in the system. We investigate possible attack strategies under these two different utilities and compare (a) the conservative defense strategy when the attack utility is unknown to the defender with (b) the optimal defense strategy when the attack utility is known to the defender. We show that the conservative protection strategy is still optimal under asymmetric utilities when the contest intensity is smaller than one.     

Evaluation of the Food and Agriculture Sector Criticality Assessment Tool (FASCAT) and the Collected Data

To protect and secure food resources for the United States, it is crucial to have a method to compare food systems’ criticality. In 2007, the U.S. government funded development of the Food and Agriculture Sector Criticality Assessment Tool (FASCAT) to determine which food and agriculture systems were most critical to the nation. FASCAT was developed in a collaborative process involving government officials and food industry subject matter experts (SMEs). After development, data were collected using FASCAT to quantify threats, vulnerabilities, consequences, and the impacts on the United States from failure of evaluated food and agriculture systems. To examine FASCAT's utility, linear regression models were used to determine: (1) which groups of questions posed in FASCAT were better predictors of cumulative criticality scores; (2) whether the items included in FASCAT's criticality method or the smaller subset of FASCAT items included in DHS's risk analysis method predicted similar criticality scores. Akaike's information criterion was used to determine which regression models best described criticality, and a mixed linear model was used to shrink estimates of criticality for individual food and agriculture systems. The results indicated that: (1) some of the questions used in FASCAT strongly predicted food or agriculture system criticality; (2) the FASCAT criticality formula was a stronger predictor of criticality compared to the DHS risk formula; (3) the cumulative criticality formula predicted criticality more strongly than weighted criticality formula; and (4) the mixed linear regression model did not change the rank‐order of food and agriculture system criticality to a large degree.     

票据抗辩限制新探

传统票据理论上,把票据的抗辩分为物的抗辩与人的抗辩,这种分类是不全面的。在物的抗辩和人的抗辩之外,还存在一种抗辩,票据的效力抗辩。基于传统的两分法,只有人的抗辩是可受限制的,而物的抗辩则不能。在票据三分法中,对票据的效力抗辩也应存在限制,这种限制的类型有表见代理的抗辩限制、伪造的抗辩限制、空白票据的抗辩限制、票据变造的抗辩限制、票据已付款的抗辩限制、交付欠缺的抗辩限制。     

武德使军人走向崇高——与国防生谈军人武德养成（一）

军人养成的基点起于武德养成。国防生作为我军后备军官,要真正实现从地方青年向合格的革命军人转变,必须从大学阶段就重视并强化武德养成。为进一步激发国防生武德养成的积极性与自觉性,应首先使其把握武德内涵,理解武德养成的重大意义,在理性上认同武德作为军人的特殊职业道德,是古往今来军人的从戎之道,是战争中分量最重的精神力量,它铸就军人的英雄之美,让军人生命走向崇高。     

浅析西方发达国家国防研发管理特点及启示

选取美国、英国和法国作为分析对象,分别介绍了它们在国防研发管理方面的主要特点,并总结了它们之间的共同点。通过对它们的特点分析,期望能对我国的国防研发管理有所启示。     

Adaptive Percolation Using Subjective Likelihoods

A phenomenon that I call “adaptive percolation” commonly arises in biology, business, economics, defense, finance, manufacturing, and the social sciences. Here one wishes to select a handful of entities from a large pool of entities via a process of screening through a hierarchy of sieves. The process is not unlike the percolation of a liquid through a porous medium. The probability model developed here is based on a nested and adaptive Bayesian approach that results in the product of beta-binomial distributions with common parameters. The common parameters happen to be the observed data. I call this the percolated beta-binomial distribution . The model turns out to be a slight generalization of the probabilistic model used in percolation theory. The generalization is a consequence of using a subjectively specified likelihood function to construct a probability model. The notion of using likelihoods for constructing probability models is not a part of the conventional toolkit of applied probabilists. To the best of my knowledge, a use of the product of beta-binomial distributions as a probability model for Bernoulli trials appears to be new. The development of the material of this article is illustrated via data from the 2009 astronaut selection program, which motivated this work.     

国防经济建设中体现科学发展观的哲学思考

国防经济建设是社会发展中的一个特殊领域。在国防经济建设中,正确认识和贯彻科学发展观是事关国家安全战略实现的重大问题。从哲学的角度,围绕国防经济系统内部各要素协调发展、国防经济建设与社会协调发展、国防经济建设建立可持续发展机制、正确处理公平与效率关系和构建国防经济学的科学的研究方法等方面,阐述了贯彻科学发展观的一些思考。