财政调控的价值定位、方式创新及法治化路径

近期财政部出台的法治财政建设实施方案将宏观调控的创新方式借用于财政领域,提出财政面向上的区间调控、定向调控、相机调控、精准调控和适时预调微调等,体现出财政的工具主义价值。从形式上来看,这与当下公共财政时代所要求的规范主义价值,存在着阶段性目标追求的二律背反,但基于财政有效治理的国家任务,两者又统一于良法善治的终极价值属性之中。对于仍深受财政工具主义思维禁锢的当下中国而言,更应提倡的是财政的规范主义价值,防止偏重调控结果有效而轻视调控过程正义,从遵循调控法定、尊重市场规则和坚持民生导向的路径出发,以期实现在调控权力控制下的国家全面可持续性发展。     

城市八零后家长择园观的调查及评析

择园问题已经成为目前的教育热点与社会热点问题,而时代特征明显的八零后一代已经成为新一代家长,其受教育程度不断提高,对幼儿教育也越来越重视,对幼儿入园问题也愈加关注。调查显示:城市八零后家长择园观存在较大差异和一定的误区,而通过引导家长树立正确的教育观、正确认识幼儿园保教关系、掌握正确的择园策略,可为家长科学择园提供指导。     

分析马克思主义的方法论基础探析

分析马克思主义作为西方马克思主义研究的一种新范式而出现,实现了马克思主义研究的方法论的新突破.西方社会科学中流行的个人主义解释模式构成其方法论的学术背景.约翰·埃尔斯特构建出分析马克思主义方法论的框架--以方法论个人主义为方法论原则,以意向性解释尤其是理性选择理论、博弈论为具体解释方法.围绕方法论个人主义和理性选择理论的争论逐步凸显出分析马克思主义研究方法论的全貌.只有运用辩证法精神,才能恰当处理方法论个人主义与方法论集体主义的关系、理性选择理论与功能解释的关系,才能准确评判与把握分析马克思主义的方法论基础.     

“经济人”:一种研究范式的革新与局限

公共选择理论的“经济人”研究范式主要包括经济人假设、交易政治学和方法论的个人主义三部分。通过对这种范式的私益内涵分析和利弊分析,指出其在革新传统政治学研究方法的同时也具有自身不可克服的局限。借鉴“经济人”研究范式对我国政治学乃至经济学研究都具有重要的方法论意义。     

Cultural capital or relative risk aversion? Two mechanisms for educational inequality compared1

In this paper we empirically examined two explanatory mechanisms for educational inequality: cultural reproduction and relative risk aversion, using survey data taken from secondary school pupils in Amsterdam. Cultural reproduction theory seeks to explain class variations in schooling by cultural differences between social classes. Relative risk aversion theory argues that educational inequalities can be understood by between-class variation in the necessity of pursuing education at branching points in order to avoid downward mobility. We showed that class variations in early demonstrated ability are for a substantial part cultural: cultural capital - measured by parental involvement in highbrow culture - affected school performance at the primary and secondary level. However, relative risk aversion - operationalized by being concerned with downward mobility - strongly affects schooling ambitions, whereas cultural capital had no effect. Thus, we conclude that 'primary effects' of social origin on schooling outcomes are manifested through cultural capital and not through relative risk aversion (in addition to other potential sources of class variations such as genetics). Relative risk aversion, and not cultural capital, affects schooling ambitions, which is relevant for our understanding of secondary effects.     

中国农村法治建设路径选择

中国广大农村的法治建设应当是建设社会主义新农村宏图中必不可少的组成部分。但是,当前农村法治的现状不容乐观。主要是因为:一方面,农村仍受传统文化因素的影响,农村法治建设的法律文化基础仍很薄弱;另一方面,农村法治所需要的社会环境仍未完全建立。基于此,农村的法治建设,既需要"外力",更需要"内力",应坚持外部催生和内部演进并举。     

从执行主体角度探寻政策执行失真的原因

政策在执行过程中存在着"有令不行、有禁不止","上有政策,下有对策"等严重妨碍政策目标有效实现的不良情形.公共选择理论认为,把作为微观经济分析出发点的个人作为集体行为的出发点,将个人的选择或决策当作公共选择或集体决策的基础.从个体的角度看,政策执行主体的素质缺陷、信息垄断和利益追求导致了政策执行失真.     

高校理想信念教育状况及实效性路径思考——以西南科技大学学生为调查样本

增强高校大学生理想信念教育的实效性是学校思想政治教育的一项重要工作.通过对西南科技大学学生的调查发现,当前我国高校大学生的理想信念主流是好的,但部分学生也不同程度存在政治信仰迷茫、价值取向扭曲、社会责任感缺乏、团结协作观念较差等问题,这与高校理想信念教育的效果不理想关系极大.     

城市交通中车辆择路行为实证研究

随机、时变的交通流分布,偶发的交通事故等因素导致了路径随机的车辆旅行时间,也决定了现实城市交通网络中只存在随机最短路.已有的路径选择研究大都假设人们力求选择最短路,而通过实际调查发现:人们的择路行为依赖出行情景,随出行目的、约束时间、对路径的熟悉程度以及路径的不确定程度而变化.验证了城市交通中人们在不确定环境下的择路行为也符合展望理论.     

Stochastic Choice and Consistency in Decision Making Under Risk: An Experimental Study

This paper reports the results of an experiment designed to uncover the stochastic structure of individual preferences over lotteries. Unlike previous experiments, which have presented subjects with pair-wise choices between lotteries, our design allowed subjects to choose between two lotteries or (virtually) any convex combination of the two lotteries. We interpret the mixtures of lotteries chosen by subjects as a measure of the stochastic structure of choice. We test between two alternative interpretations of stochastic choice: the random utility interpretation and the deterministic preferences interpretation. The main findings of the experiment are that the typical subject prefers mixtures of lotteries rather than the extremes of a linear lottery choice set. The distribution of choices does not change between a first and second asking of the same question. We argue that this provides support for the deterministic preferences interpretation over the random utility interpretation of stochastic choice. As a subsidiary result, we find a small proportion of subjects make choices that violate transitivity, but the level of intransitive choice falls significantly over time.