论惩罚性赔偿制度及其立法建议

现代意义上的惩罚性赔偿制度是一种与补偿性赔偿、精神损害赔偿不同的承担责任的方式。随着中国起草民法典的深入,该制度也逐渐受到重视,适当加大惩罚性赔偿制度的适用范围,全面保护受损害方的合法权益。我国应全面建立起符合我国国情的惩罚性赔偿制度。     

全球化进程的正反方、分野及其转化

本文试图从国际政治经济学的视角考察全球化之动力与反冲。全球化既造就了赢家,也产生了输家。有理由认为,那些从全球化进程中获益相对较多的国家或社会群体,将成为全球化的坚定支持者,从而推动进一步的开放。反之,那些因全球化而受损的国家和群体,很可能成为全球化的反对力量。尽管如此,赢家与输家的分野并非一成不变。如果各国政府能够以行之有效的政策手段来调和赢家与输家之间的分歧和对抗,那么全球化面临的反对力量就有可能被转化为动力。     

Peer group ties and executive compensation networks

Publicly traded firms in the US typically determine C.E.O. compensation by benchmarking the pay of their C.E.O.s against the pay of C.E.O.s in “peer” firms. Consequently, executive compensation is influenced not only by firm-level characteristics, but also by the selection and actions of the firm’s immediate peers as well as by the structure of the executive compensation network overall. Analyzing compensation peer group choices made by the same 1183 firms for F.Y. 2007, 2008 and 2009, we find that while the typical compensation peer is similar in size and industry to the firm that chose it, deviations from this norm are common, especially among larger firms, and tend to be towards larger firms with better paid CEOs. Further analysis shows that firms who pay CEOs well relative to the pay that would be predicted from their revenues, return on assets, and industry tend to have greater aspiration bias in their group of named peers.     

试论高校体育教学伤害事故的司法责任认定及解决机制*

在当下有关法律法规不甚健全的情况下,为了尽可能地避免相关的体育教学伤害事故的发生,以及可能会出现的法律风险,国家有责任和义务建立一整套完备的高校体育教学伤害事故赔偿法。通过法律的约束,使学校包括学生在内的责任人,自觉实现真正意义上的知法、懂法、守法,杜绝伤害事故的发生。     

美国环境健康损害赔偿的法律实践与借鉴

在美国,环境健康损害赔偿法律实践中广泛运用成本-收益分析方法进行。在联邦层面,美国基于普通法和判例法确定可获赔偿的内容,其中主要包括医疗费用、工资损失和获取收入能力损失、死亡与伤害、精神损失、财产损失与生活侵扰、惩罚性赔偿、按日累计赔偿金、隐私侵犯、杂项费用等。在州层面,一些州制定并较为有效地实施了环境健康损害赔偿相关立法,但另外一些州的立法并不发达。总体而言,美国贯彻整体主义司法理念,实行基于科学判断的规则之治,重视地方知识与国家实践协同运作,这些经验值得借鉴。     

关于反垄断民事责任的若干思考

反垄断民事责任的承担涉及到主体、行为、方式等方面的问题。理论上说反垄断民事责任的承担主体应为实施了垄断行为的任何＂人＂,但在实际承担责任时并非如此,许多主体特别是具体实施了垄断行为的企业内部人员、行业协会、滥用行政权力的行政机构及其法律、法规授权的具有管理公共事务职能的组织等通常不能作为独立的民事责任主体。由于垄断协议以及经营者集中等行为具有不同性质,其民事责任的承担也会有所差别。反垄断民事责任的承担在一定情形下需要考虑反垄断机构的前期行为,责任的具体认定也有别于一般民事责任。民事责任承担的方式主要是停止或消除垄断行为以及赔偿损失。     

浅论国家赔偿费用管理

完善的国家赔偿制度是民主法治的标尺和安全阀,是国家对公民承担侵权责任的方式和标志。国家赔偿费用管理是实现国家赔偿的重要保证,直接关系到赔偿请求人能否最终获得赔偿。本文旨在分析研究我国现行国家赔偿费用管理中存在的若干问题,并提出相关完善建议。     

论反垄断法中的民事责任

反垄断法中的民事责任制度的价值追求是有效竞争,而非填补损害。反垄断法中的民事责任形式主要是停止侵害、消除危险和赔偿损失,其中的赔偿损失包括实际损害赔偿和惩罚性赔偿两种。反垄断法中的民事责任的构成除了限制竞争行为的发生、实际损害的发生、行为与损害之间有因果关系外,还有其特殊的构成,即限制竞争行为不属于反垄断法规定的豁免情形,也不要求行为人主观上有过错。在追究反垄断法中的民事责任时,有一些特殊的程序要求,如放宽原告主体资格、给予物质利益刺激、实现审判组织的专业化和在必要时实行举证责任倒置等。     

论商业秘密的民法保护

民法保护是商业秘密法律保护的重要一环,对于保护商业秘密权利人的合法权益,维护正常的市场 竞争环境,具有十分重要的作用。在民法保护中,应当准确界定商业秘密的权利归属,合理划分侵权诉讼 的举证责任,依法判定侵权人应当承担的民事责任。     

西部民族地区旅游生态补偿政策实施的实践探索

The ethnic regions of Western Chi￣na are rich in ecological and cultural tourism re￣sources. At the same time, the regions are also ec￣ologically vulnerable areas with large populations of ethnic groups who have lived for a long time in poverty. Based on years’ investigation, it is obvi￣ous that tourism development, even though it can promote local economic development, has had a significant negative impact on the ecology, envi￣ronment and local communities. During the 18 th and 17 th National Congresses of the Communist Pary of China, a policy was announced to improve ecological compensation and accelerate the estab￣lishment of an ecological compensation mecha￣nism. So far, both government and academia have mainly focused on the effects and necessities of building a mechanism for ecological compensation. Of special concern, even if governments at all lev￣els sequentially enacted a series of policie with cer￣tain characteristics of ecological compensation, the public is still questioning the impartiality and legit￣imacy of the charges of such policy of ecological compensation. Thus, the task of implementing the ecological compensation policy faces many obsta￣cles. At present, the core research issue on eco￣logical compensation is no longer just the question of why it should be charged. This question was al￣ready clearly stated in official documents from cen￣tral government. Up to now, the core issues that need clarification are:in practice, how the charge be made; what amount of money should be charged;how will the revenue from the charge be used;how will the revenue derived from the charge be audited; and whether or not this charge can help to achieve government objectives in such a way.
Based on the unique background of the ethnic regions of Western China, this paper deeply analy￣ses issues of implementing policies such as ecologi￣cal compensation for tourism, including the illegi￣bility and legitimacy of who should pay, how much should be paid, and how to manage the funds im￣partially; and providing scientific and reasonable countermeasures to solve these practical problems. Compared with other industries, the tourism indus￣try became the pioneer for the practice of ecologi￣cal compensation as well as the research objective of ecological compensation studies. Some research￣ers defined ecological compensation for tourism as a system of regulating related ecological interests to protect the ecosystems of tourism destinations and promote sustainable development of the tourism in￣dustry ( Zhang Yiqun, Yang Guihua, 2012 ) . Al￣though such a definition is still fuzzy, at least it in￣dicates that the research of ecological compensation for tourism involves interdisciplinary fields inclu￣ding Economics, Sociology, Ecology and Tourism, etc. Currently, the research of ecological compen￣sation for tourism has insufficient first hand empiri￣cal research data. At the same time it has not yet had nationwide impact, either domestically or over￣seas. The research on implementing policies for the ecological compensation of tourism is at an early stage in China.
Obviously, it is hard to find sufficient re￣search results or research methods for reference, which brings certain limitations to this paper. To demonstrate the scope of this study, this paper de￣fined tourism ecological compensation as exploring the feasibility of spending fiscal revenue ( paid by tourism enterprises, tourists or other stakeholders) on protecting natural ecological environment. Based on this definition, this paper generated three actual issues with regard to implementing policies of ecological compensation for tourism, including the vagueness of the charge, the lack of unified, standard levies, and the non-tranparency of fund management. Combined with analyzing the current special background of implementing policies of ec￣ological compensation for tourism in the ethnic re￣gions of Western China, and by especially empha￣sizing the local communities of the ethnic groups who should be compensated, this paper tries to provide scientific and reasonable countermeasures consisting of implementing corresponding national policy, formulating correlated policy in accordance with local conditions and standardizing and institu￣tionalizing fund management. This paper not only attempts to support strongly implementing policies of ecological compensation for tourism at the insti￣tutional level, but also to coordinate the contradic￣tions between tourism development and ecological protection, and local community self - develop￣ment, hoping to achieve the win-win objectives of promoting an ecological compensation policy for tourism, tourism poverty alleviation and ecological civilization.