大陆灾害社会工作实务反思与本土化启示--基于四川5＆#183;12大地震以来的实务经验

灾害社会工作组织困境主要表现为从非持续性向持续性、从职业质疑向社会认同、从非专业性向专业性、从社会主流观向原住民在地观转变等问题,灾害社会工作服务困境则有从边做边学向专业培训、从非均衡性向均衡性、从恢复重建向发展预防、从受灾群体向弱势群体转变等问题,而灾害社会工作制度困境主要包括从制度排斥向制度接纳、从平稳机制缺乏向民非企业建构、从监督缺乏向服务评估、从社会救助向公平政策转变等问题。灾害社会工作发展需要考虑是以嵌入发展还是自主发展优先、经济增长还是永续社区优先、外在嵌入还是在地深耕优先等问题,在此基础上逐步走向“政府让渡空间、专业自主发展”的健康发展轨道,同时推动社区重建迈向“永续社区”发展。社会工作介入灾害服务成功标志是外地社工撤离后介入效果仍然能够长期持续,当地居民能自主推进社区有序发展。     

从经典灾害社会学、社会脆弱性到社会建构主义——西方灾害社会学研究的最新进展及比较启示

从经典灾害社会学、社会脆弱性到社会建构主义,这是灾害社会学发展的最新趋势,也是其发展的主要学派和阶段性特点。基于对这三个学派基本内涵梳理和比较研究,文章认为经典灾害社会学学派适合灾害防备与应变研究,社会脆弱性学派适合灾害预测和评估人们如何适应或加强能力面对灾害风险威胁的研究,社会建构主义学派则适合公共风险和灾害形成过程中人的主观能动性研究。这三个学派关注的重点不同,都有自己特定的解释边界和限制条件,一旦越界解释力就会下降。因此,不能简单地判断孰优孰劣。     

淮河流域“灾难遗址旅游”开发研究

淮河流域自古就是旱涝、地震、火山等自然灾害的多发区,且因其南北过渡的地理位置,也是兵家必争之地,故淮河流域多灾多难。近年淮河流域相关县市虽未明确提出＂灾难遗址旅游＂,但也进行了一些相关产品的开发尝试,但总体上淮河流域＂灾难遗址旅游＂还未成气候。对此,相关县市在进行旅游开发时须坚持以政府为投资主体、杜绝过度商业化、加强群众参与、适时适度开发等原则,采取多种旅游资源组合开发、充分运用高科技手段、通过灾难文学作品展现抗争精神、大力挖掘民间文化的开发方式,进行适宜灾难文化开发的市场营销,进一步打造灾难遗址旅游系统化品牌,以此谋求区域发展。     

元顺帝时期的防灾救灾研究

元顺帝统治时期,元代社会已经进入了它的黄昏阶段：政治黑暗,社会矛盾尖锐,人民生活困苦,起义不断。面对这样的局面,元顺帝还是实施了一些比较有效的防灾救灾措施来保障人民的生活,主要表现在灾荒救济、医疗救助、徭役减轻、慈善收养制度等方面。但由于政府腐败导致防灾救灾措施实施不力,反而激发了社会阶级矛盾和民族矛盾,加速了元朝的覆灭。同时这些防灾救灾的措施对明初相关政策的出台产生了深远的影响。     

灾后新生旅游地居民的生活质量满意度属性研究——以汶川映秀镇和北川永昌镇为例

灾害旅游是挖掘灾害遗产资源、加快灾后复兴的有效途径。居民生活质量满意度是确保灾害旅游重建可持续发展的关键。以灾后新生旅游地汶川映秀镇和北川永昌镇为案例,从非对称影响视角入手,应用Tetra-class模型对灾后新生旅游地居民生活质量满意度属性进行研究,结果显示：生活质量属性对居民总体满意度的影响模式涵盖Tetra-class模型的四种类型;生活质量属性绩效评价为居民总体满意度提升提供有针对性的改进策略;生活质量满意度结构模型不仅包括生活质量属性绩效与总体满意度的关系,还揭示了各属性所对应的居民生活需求层次以及灾后美好生活政策供给层面,能够为特定情境化生活质量满意度评估提供一般化视角。     

魏晋时期社会环境变化对农业灾害发生发展的影响

魏晋南北朝时期动荡不安的社会环境对农业灾害发生发展产生了多方面的影响。社会动乱降低了农业承灾力 ,三国西晋时期兵难日起 ,黄河中下游地区灾荒流行 ,土地荒芜 ;而稳定的社会环境则有利于农业减灾防灾事业发展 ,东晋南朝时期江南社会经济稳定发展 ,灾害的威胁相对减低。经济格局的变化对农业灾害的发生发展也会产生一定影响 ,随着江南地区农业开发规模的扩大和农业发展速度的加快 ,农业灾害的发生和危害也日渐加重     

A green social work perspective on social work during the time of COVID‐19

COVID‐19 has challenged social workers to engage with health pandemics and provide essential services in conditions of uncertainty and high risk. They have safeguarded children, older adults and diverse adults in ‘at risk’ groups under tough conditions mediated by digital technologies, adhered to government injunctions, maintained social and physical distancing under lockdown and worked from home remotely. Social workers and social care workers have risen to the challenges, providing services with inadequate personal protective equipment and limited supervision and support. This article highlights the degraded physical environments, socio‐economic and political contexts that intensify precariousness and constraints that neoliberalism imposed on professional capacity before and during this health pandemic. It provides guidelines to protect practitioners and service users. It concludes that practitioners ought to understand zoonotic diseases, environmental concerns, acquire disaster expertise and training, widen their practice portfolio and value their contributions to this pandemic. Key Practitioner Message: ? Develop technological skills and innovate to support stressed individuals, safeguard children, adolescents and elders and deal with poverty and unemployment; ? Use digital technologies involving peers to explore tricky situations, examine ethical dilemmas through scenario building exercises, and tips for self‐care; ? Contribute to environmental protections that prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases like COVID‐19; ? Seek supervision and support for disaster‐based training from your line manager.     

灾后重建中的资源再分配与健康不平等:基于三期汶川地震重建调查

基于2008年至2011年间三期汶川灾区调查数据，本文假定应急救灾、恢复重建和重建结束三个阶段政府的再分配能力存在差异，进而分析这一时段不同职业和教育群体之间的健康差异变化情况。研究发现，首先，在自评健康上，2011年呈现显著的教育梯度，而2008和2009年则无显著的教育差异。其次，在心理健康上，2011年存在显著的教育梯度，2009年存在较弱的教育梯度，2008年未呈现系统性教育梯度。第三，在自评和心理健康上各年份均未呈现系统性的职业阶层梯度。第四，稳健性比较分析表明灾区健康差异模式存在独特性。本文认为，在应急救灾阶段政府再分配能力骤增，提升了弱势阶层的医疗资源可及性，进而降低了阶层健康不平等。但该模式不具有可持续性，一旦重建结束、外部资源减少，不平等会回到常态社会水平。     

The Sources of Belief in Personal Capability: Antecedents of Self-Efficacy in Private Adaptation to Flood Risk

Self-efficacy is one of the strongest and most consistent drivers of private flood mitigation behavior; however, the factors influencing self-efficacy in the context of flooding remain unclear. The present study examines three potential antecedents of self-efficacy: personal and vicarious experiences of floods or building-related events, social norms for private flood preparedness, and personal competencies such as technical abilities and social skills. While controlling for other drivers in a protection motivation theory (PMT) framework, these antecedents are tested as precursors of self-efficacy and intentions to improve flood resilience. Structural equation modeling is applied to conduct mediation analyses with survey data of 381 flood-prone households in Austria. Contrary to theoretical expectations, personal and vicarious experiences do not predict self-efficacy, presumably because rare flood events and changing hazard characteristics do not facilitate generalizable performance accomplishments. Social norms strongly and consistently influence self-efficacy, especially for actions observable by others, and also directly influence protective responses. Personal competencies increase self-efficacy and support protective action, particularly with regard to preventive and structural measures. The strength and direction of the antecedents of self-efficacy as well as of other PMT determinants vary between general and specific protective responses. This study provides important insights for risk managers, suggesting that interventions involving social norms and personal competencies can be effective in stimulating self-efficacy and, in turn, private flood mitigation. Interventions and research should clearly differentiate between general intention and the implementation of specific measures, and should address cumulative, synergistic, or tradeoff interrelations between multiple measures.     

A Factor Analysis Approach Toward Reconciling Community Vulnerability and Resilience Indices for Natural Hazards

The concepts of vulnerability and resilience help explain why natural hazards of similar type and magnitude can have disparate impacts on varying communities. Numerous frameworks have been developed to measure these concepts, but a clear and consistent method of comparing them is lacking. Here, we develop a data-driven approach for reconciling a popular class of frameworks known as vulnerability and resilience indices. In particular, we conduct an exploratory factor analysis on a comprehensive set of variables from established indices measuring community vulnerability and resilience at the U.S. county level. The resulting factor model suggests that 50 of the 130 analyzed variables effectively load onto five dimensions: wealth, poverty, agencies per capita, elderly populations, and non–English-speaking populations. Additionally, the factor structure establishes an objective and intuitive schema for relating the constituent elements of vulnerability and resilience indices, in turn affording researchers a flexible yet robust baseline for validating and expanding upon current approaches.