民国时期的灾害与巫术救荒

民国时期频繁的自然灾害,加剧了社会的动荡,也极大地削弱了社会的抗灾能力。面对无情的灾害,民间仍然盛行巫术救荒。探究其原因主要有:灾害频频发生,社会动荡不安,民众把希望寄托于某种神秘力量的支持;社会生产力发展缓慢,科学技术不发达,民众受教育程度低,遇有天灾,人们就求助于超自然的神灵;中国传统社会形成的对神灵的信仰已编织进广大民众的生活,成为潜藏在传统社会里的仪式性、符号性的交往和互动方式;政府通过祭祀鬼神的仪式,宣传天命论,用祈神保佑来转移民众的不满情绪,使现存社会秩序合法化和神圣化。     

低级与高级 有利与不利──唐山震后重建两个哲学问题的思考

本文运用马克思主义哲学观点,对我国第一个获联合国人居荣誉奖的城市——唐山市 １９７６年大地震后的重建工作进行了研究,分析了唐山震后出现的“三座城市”的不同的作用,新唐山 规划布局“三大片”、原地和异地重建之利与弊。这些,对于受灾后的城市重建工作具有借鉴意义。     

The Emergent Organization: Improvisation and Order in Gulf Coast Disaster Relief

This article employs the interactionist concept of emergence to explore volunteer behavior in organizational settings after natural disasters. Through a several‐year ethnographic study of volunteer relief groups in the Post‐hurricane Gulf Coast, I examine how emergent social groups navigate situations where interactional norms, practices, and procedures are ambiguous, unclear, or in continual flux. Grassroots volunteer groups improvised organizational decision‐making and leadership structures to develop timely and appropriate responses to the post‐disaster environment. In particular, I focus on two distinct groups of volunteers whose response to these emergent interactional structures: improvisers embraced the ambiguity of group norms as an opportunity to innovate and express their creativity, whereas ritualists rejected the lack of structure and order characterized by the volunteer organizations.     

Promoting Resilient Livelihoods through Adaptive Social Protection: Lessons from 124 programmes in South Asia

Adaptive Social Protection refers to efforts to integrate social protection (SP), disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA), the need for which is increasingly recognised by practitioners and academics. Relying on 124 agricultural programmes implemented in five countries in Asia, this article considers how these elements are being brought together, and explores the potential gains of these linkages. It shows that full integration is still relatively limited but that, when it occurs, it helps to shift the time horizon beyond short‐term interventions aimed at supporting peoples' coping strategies and/or graduation objectives, towards longer‐term interventions that can help promote transformation towards climate and disaster resilient livelihood options.     

Nonprofit and public sector interorganizational collaboration in disaster recovery: Lessons from the field

Recent disasters have identified that interorganizational collaboration is often fraught with complexity. This article explores interorganizational collaboration in the nonprofit and public sectors during the disaster recovery efforts after a catastrophic flooding event. Based on a series of in‐depth interviews with practitioners involved in the recovery following a flooding event, the findings offer insights into the barriers and mechanisms used to facilitate collaboration. In disaster recovery, collaboration is reliant on established interorganizational structures and trusting relationships. Role clarity is the link between these two characteristics, and this article posits the association between this and the concept of swift trust to facilitate collaboration. Theoretically, this article extends an existing multidimensional model of collaboration into the context of emergency management. Importantly, it also offers a tangible output for industry in the form of an aide‐mémoire for collaborating in disaster recovery.     

Lessons Unlearned—Planning Disaster and Community Anomie

This article critically reviews the Hong Kong Government's ‘new town’ policy. It argues that the case of Tin Shui Wai illustrates the ‘planning disasters’ where casualties are resulted from poor government planning; a lesson that should have been learned from its predecessor, Tuen Mun, in the early 1980s. The analysis shows how rigid bureaucratic administration led to inadequate community facilities and services; the physical remoteness and the homogeneity of the populations stalled economic development; and large numbers of new immigrants, ethnic minorities, and people of low socioeconomic status concentrated in a virtually deserted community that was characterized by various social problems. The article concludes with the recommendation to make community development efforts to nurture social capital in anomic communities.     

A Quiet Suffering: Some Notes on the Sociology of Suffering1

Despite a recent increase in attention within the social sciences, suffering remains for the most part outside of the purview of sociologists. In this essay, I explore the possibilities for a sociology of suffering by briefly interrogating suffering in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in the Lower Ninth Ward, the epicenter of the hurricane and the federal levee failures.     

Does affective forecasting change motivation for disaster preparedness? Motivation one month after a hypothetical earthquake / ¿Influye la predicción afectiva en la motivación para la preparación ante las catástrofes? La motivación un mes después de un terremoto hipotético

The present study examined how disaster preparedness would change after people predicted their affective reactions in the event of a major earthquake. In Study 1, participants (N = 255) completed an assessment of disaster preparedness. One week later, participants predicted their thoughts and feelings if a major earthquake were to strike, and then responded to the motivation measure. Study 2 (N = 129) examined the status of participants’ motivation after one month. The results showed that greater motivation was only seen immediately after affective forecasting, and the same level of motivation was not maintained after one month. When people imagine a potential earthquake the expected negative affective reactions are overestimated. Disaster preparedness allows people to mitigate their future negative affective reactions. In order to avoid these affective reactions, affective forecasters had greater motivation for disaster preparedness.     

神话、仪式与生态：凉山彝族的禳灾表述

凉山彝族灾难观的形成与其神话传统、仪式实践以及生态伦理有着密切的关系。神话解释了灾难的起源与肇因,将灾难归咎于道德观念的失范与生态格局的失序。仪式为灾难的禳解提供了神圣路径,以自然崇拜和鬼魂观念为信仰核心,体现了彝人在与自然的长期相处中形成的生存策略和发展之道。生态伦理则在社会、心理两方面奠定了应灾的基础与策略。这使得彝人面对自然灾害时,在文学、仪式以及身体实践三个层面,形成了一套文学人类学意义上的禳灾表述传统,亦可称为减灾实践的“地方性知识”。作为中国多民族的传统文化资源,这样的表述值得进一步关注和开掘。     

电视媒介灾害信息传播考察

灾害事件发生后,电视媒介及时传递灾害信息,积极引导社会舆论,在灾害救助中发挥了重要作用。电视媒介灾害信息传播主要有电视新闻、电视评论、电视访谈、电视广告、电视服务类节目、电视晚会等六种形式。但传播过程中还存在灾时传播和平时传播失衡、过度报道和同质报道显现、煽情报道和作秀报道时有发生等问题。做好电视媒介灾害信息传播,要注重灾害报道和平时报道的结合,要完善电视媒介灾害报道应急预案,建立电视媒介灾害信息传播运行和评价机制。