Ngā Mōwaho: an analysis of Māori responses to the Christchurch earthquakes

Since September 2010, a series of earthquakes have caused widespread social, financial and environmental devastation in Christchurch, New Zealand. Anecdotal evidence suggests that local Māori responded effectively to facilitate community recovery and resilience. However, the form, content and extent of that response has not been adequately recognised or documented. This qualitative research project, conducted in partnership with Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, has documented the way in which Māori cultural factors have facilitated disaster risk reduction and management in response to the earthquakes. This paper explores sets of understandings about marginalisation and inclusion within the narratives of 70 Māori community members who contributed to this research. Forms of marginalisation expressed in participants’ narratives include delayed linkages to the formal emergency management infrastructure, difficulties integrating Māori volunteers into the mainstream response as well as enduring barriers to Māori engagement within Civil Defence, illustrated in a lack of Māori representation as well as tikanga Māori within emergency planning. We argue that the knowledge, principles and practices embedded within Māori responses to the Christchurch earthquakes may be contextually relevant for national and regional policy development in the area of disaster risk management, response and recovery.     

1949—1966年间中国红十字会的主要活动及其特点

新中国成立之后,在中央人民政府的领导下,中国红十字会进行了改组。1949—1966年间,中国红十字会在医疗卫生、战地救护、灾害救助、战后问题处理等领域开展了大量活动,对于国家的经济社会建设起到了重要促进作用。归纳这时期中国红十字会活动开展的特点有：国内活动侧重于医疗卫生领域;积极实施国际救助并参与国际事务处理;活动开展的行政化色彩比较浓重。     

Disaster and Development Paradigms: Too Close for Comfort?

The familiar distinctions between the disaster and development paradigms have become increasingly blurred. Yet, conceptual and policy dilemmas continue to pose challenges for the integration of the two paradigms into a single framework. Drawing on the literature and Ethiopia's Institutional Support Project, this article argues that the increased convergence of the two constructs may be too close for comfort, thus rendering the assertion that disaster‐risk reduction can help achieve sustainable development and vice versa mere rhetoric. Unless there is a shift from focusing on the hazard event to also recognising that disasters are not politically neutral, there is a danger of being locked into the hazard paradigm, despite the different labels, titles or metaphors that may be assigned to it.     

Partition models

Product partition models assume that observations in different components of a random partition of the data are independent given the partition. If the probability distribution of random partitions is in a certain product form prior to making the observations, it is also in product form given the observations. The product model thus provides a convenient machinery for allowing the data to weight the partitions likely to hold; and inference about particular future observations may then be made by first conditioning on the partition, and then averaging over all partitions. This model is applied to fatalities in manned rocket launches, using data from the SOYUZ, APOLLO, SHUTTLE, and post-Challenger SHUTTLE programs in the Soviet Union and the United States. The combination of these data suggest that the chance of a fatality in the next shuttle, launch is about .03, after allowing for the possibility that the older programs are of slight relevance to the present shuttle program.     

从“包头空难”看国际航空私法中的“深口袋被告”

文章以“包头空难”为切入点，重点阐述了主要航空大国特别是美国“深口袋被告”的理论与实践，并从理论与现实基础两个角度论证了中国采用“深口袋被告”的现实可行性。     

郑观应防灾备荒思想探析

晚清时期灾荒频发,郑观应认识到灾荒主要是由社会原因造成的,他积极寻找防灾备荒之策。他主张利用国外先进技术与管理方法治理水旱灾害,建立银行保险机关,提高社会抗灾能力,这些举措体现了西方近代文明特征。     

曾国藩“纵兵大掠”徽州考辨——兼论徽州咸同兵燹

曾国藩“纵兵大掠”徽州是史学界曾经流行的观点,实际上并不正确,但在徽州特殊的历史氛围中,也确实形成了不尽公允的“切齿湖湘”的民间舆论。徽州咸同之际的兵燹,清军与太平军都有责任,但曾国藩并非元凶,而且他为徽州的恢复尽过心力。     

旅平河南赈灾会活动始末

2 0世纪 2 0年代后期 ,河南发生严重旱灾 ,旅平河南赈灾会组织了颇具规模的灾民移垦活动 ,他们经过比较周密的部署 ,将数万嗷嗷待哺的河南灾民移送到了东北 ,并尽可能地使灾民得到较为妥善的安置。旅平河南赈灾会的此次灾民救助活动在民国河南灾荒救济史上留下了光辉的一页。     

湿地自然保护区生态需水供水成本补偿机制探讨--以黑龙江省扎龙湿地为例

作为亚洲最大湿地之一的扎龙湿地自然保护区近年来连续发生干旱和火灾,为维护生态系统平衡并对自然环境进行修复,必须人工补水以解决生态需水短缺问题。但人工补水需要巨大的成本,如何形成一个良性的长效补水机制是问题的关键。文章针对这一问题从资源环境经济、生态经济及灾害经济角度进行探讨,提出了建立生态需水供水成本的补偿机制的基本思路。     

自然灾害与近代西北荒政及社会救济

近代西北自然灾害对社会产生极其严重的后果，这与政府救助无力有极大的关系。从晚清到民国，中央政府对灾荒的救济力不从心，社会、民间力量越来越多地承担起救灾重任。赈灾中，以工代赈方式的实施对推动西北公路、水利等设施的建设起到积极的推动作用。