人类学的灾害研究如何呈现——兼评《泥石流灾害的人类学研究》

以民族志的方式,对地方层面的灾害场景和灾害感知进行完整呈现和系统转述,是人类学灾害研究的关键。《泥石流灾害的人类学研究》一书基于特定灾害场景的系统考察,来呈现人类社会与环境系统的复杂互动过程,并就不同人类群体如何借助社会文化资源来认识和应对灾害的经验图景加以辨析,这代表了灾害人类学研究发展的一种新趋势。     

Minority Elder Maltreatment:

Comparison of 126 minority and 161 non-minority instances of elder maltreatment produces no compelling profile of differences, although there are implications for both study and practice. Within the minority subsample, differences in ethnic group, gender, age, and income provide some information. Hispanics have a less developed social support system, female-male distinctions focus on mortality rate and maltreatment type differences, the oldest old appear to differ from younger elder groups in several respects, and the poor may form a subgroup of isolates or loners.     

徽州乡镇志中所见明清民间救荒措施

明清时期,徽州一直粮食奇缺,但它有较完备的救助系统。明初,徽州主要由官府实施备荒和救荒措施,但明中叶以后官方的备荒和救荒系统趋于式微,而民间的社会救助系统逐渐发挥越来越大的社会作用,这种状况一直持续到清末民初。民间备荒行为在平时以建设义田和社仓、义仓为主,而救荒措施除了散粮赈济,还包括施药、施棺等措施。明清徽州之所以能够有效地实施民间社会救助,一方面是由于官府的奖劝作用,另一方面是由于宗族的有效组织。     

略论宋代的灾害预防思想

宋代的灾害预防思想内容丰富并具有一定的创新性,其中比较突出的有三个方面：一是重视治水的思想,视之为“事关兴运”的大事,试通过兴修水利防范水旱之灾;二是重视灭蝗的思想,综合运用激励和惩治手段,注意从源头上治理及利用动物界食物链防治虫灾;三是完善仓储制度的思想,重点解决常平仓的功能行使及管理和运作中的规范问题。宋代注重源头治理、制度建设和生态保护的思想,至今仍具有较大的历史借鉴价值。     

Buttressing Supply Chains against Floods in Asia for Humanitarian Relief and Economic Recovery

Floods are the most frequent category of disasters worldwide. Among all geographic regions, Asia has suffered the most. While there are several ongoing humanitarian efforts and initiatives, we believe there is a new opportunity to coordinate “last mile” humanitarian efforts in the event of a flood using micro‐retailers. Because micro‐retailers are the “last mile” nodes in traditional retail supply chains in many Asian countries, we propose the use of social enterprise to buttress these supply chains for distribution of essential goods by coordinating with micro‐retailers before and after floods. We also present a stylized model to quantify the benefits of doing so.     

Impact of the 1999 East Marmara Earthquake in Turkey

This paper studies responses to the 1999 Marmara Earthquake (Turkey) in which 18,000 people died, 50,000 people were injured, there were 5,000 building collapses and 340,000 damaged buildings, 14,513 businesses closed, 150,000 people became unemployed, and 129,338 were forced to live in prefabricated houses. This research is based on a survey comprising 500 interviews carried out a year after the earthquake. Responsible behavior as the dependent variable is statistically tested with several socio-demographic and attitude variables. The findings indicate social solidarity, knowledge, basic needs, desire for change and psychological status of the disaster survivors were all adversely affected. It was observed that education, employment, social security, knowledge and fatalism have varying impacts on responsible behavior related to preparedness for future earthquakes.     

四川三州地区提升路网气候恢复力研究

四川省三州地区地处中国一二级阶梯过渡地带,地质构造复杂,新构造运动强烈,属断裂构造发育,极易因强降水等极端天气诱发山洪、泥石流、崩塌、滑坡等灾害,导致该区域路网灾害发生频率高、强度大和多灾并发。这在高山峡（深）谷区尤为严重。通过分析四川省三州地区的路网灾害风险管理体制机制,发现主要问题在于：灾害科学研究相对薄弱、灾害应急与防治技术较为缺乏、灾害危害度和路网基础设施的易损性较大、路网系统的抗灾能力和恢复力较弱。为了在四川三州地区构建安全可靠、应急保障能力强的现代路网体系,需要通过构建时空、纵向、横向三位一体的综合灾害风险治理体系和健全灾害科学、应急技术、风险管理三者有机结合的防灾减灾机制等措施,不断提升四川三州地区的路网气候恢复力。     

从“风险”到“危机”：基于传递关系的动态框架分析

在＂风险—突发事件—危机＂动态分析框架下,危机不是突发事件,而是由突发事件引起的一种状态、情境。这种状态、情境之间相互链接,有着广泛联系,对社会和组织机构的基本利益和结构、基本价值观和道德造成了威胁性后果,引发危机的导火线是带有＂灾害＂性质的常规突发事件和＂灾难＂性质的非常规突发事件,风险社会里的人为风险导致了突发事件的产生,因此引发危机的根本原因是风险。为此要进行系统的、多中心的治理。     

历代西北防治自然灾害的对策及经验

我国西北地区是一个多灾地区。历史上,不同类型的灾害因其破坏力的作用方式、途径及重点不同,对西北地区造成了不同的影响。文章对历史上西北地区自然灾害和影响及其防治对策进行了介绍和分析,为我们提高对自然灾害的防御能力提供了借鉴。