老人和孩子：灾难性事件的一个新闻图片框架分析——以《人民日报》报道日本3.11大地震为例

老人和孩子已经成了灾难性事件的一个常用框架,《人民日报》一周内对日本311地震的报道,运用框架理论,具体分析新闻图像的框架效果,使得该结论能够应用到更广泛的大众传播中,达到更好的传播效果。     

北魏孝文帝统治时期的赈灾防灾措施

北魏孝文帝统治时期,北方地区自然灾害频发,严重制约着北魏社会经济的发展,且不利于北魏政局的稳定。为了维护统治,孝文帝实施了一系列赈灾防灾措施。这些措施包括开仓赈恤,减免田租;移民就食;问民疾苦,关爱鳏寡孤独者;祈雨;劝课农桑,加大重农力度,实施均田制;建立仓储制度;迁都洛阳;兴修水利等。     

Are People Willing to Buy Natural Disaster Insurance in China? Risk Awareness,Insurance Acceptance,and Willingness to Pay

After the Wenchuan earthquake (magnitude 7.9, May 12, 2008), intensive debates on how China should establish a natural disaster insurance system were initiated among researchers, policymakers, and insurance professionals. Our focus was the social aspects of disaster insurance, explored in China through a nationwide survey. Our questionnaires investigated people's risk awareness, insurance acceptance, their opinions on governmental measures for disaster management, and their willingness to pay for disaster house insurance. We analyzed the results at both regional and individual scales. We found that the integrated hazard index and respondents’ experience of insurance (considered objective factors), and their opinions on the importance of insurance and government responsibility (considered subjective factors) showed strong correlation with the regional overall acceptance of disaster insurance. An individual's decision to participate highly depended on his/her experience of both insurance and disaster and his/her opinion on the importance of insurance as a coping mechanism. Respondents from poverty‐stricken or less‐developed counties were not necessarily more reluctant to accept natural disaster insurance, though they exhibited relatively lower ability to afford insurance. In general, respondents had correct perceptions of natural disasters in their areas; however, people from regions with a greater multihazard threat showed less willingness to accept disaster insurance because they tended to expect the government to undertake to cover losses and considered insurance to be less important. People's willingness to pay for an assumed disaster house insurance was also investigated and analyzed. We consequently discuss the policy implications for developing a disaster insurance system in China.     

Role and Functions of Local Communities in Earthquake Rescue, Shelter Administration and Reconstruction

Abstract  Major conditions of mitigation during earthquake disasters are quake-proof built-environment, administrative ability for crisis management and mutual aid functions of local communities. In this monograph focus is on local communities that played a role in helping victim residents in the Great Hanshin Earthquake. In Japan chonai-kais are organized in almost all areas as basic associations of local communities. We explored the functions of three levels of community: neighborhoods, chonai-kais and precincts. During the earthquake neighborhoods were active while precincts were recognized as contributing significantly to the process of rescue. In shelter administration teachers and resident volunteers played leading roles in many cases but some chonai-kais and precincts showed remarkable activities. Various conflicts occurred in the process of community reconstruction but many chonai-kais played an important role in coordinating opinions and interests of residents. We could confirm that the active role of each community during disaster period were based on their activities related to neighborhood welfare and community improvement.     

Psychosocial Reaction and Trauma After a Natural Disaster: The Role of Coping Behavior

This study examined the relationship between psychosocial reaction, coping behavior and trauma among natural disaster survivors in West Java, Indonesia. One hundred and one subjects were studied. The roles of coping behavior as a moderating factor were also tested. Psychosocial reaction during disaster and coping behavior were significantly correlated with trauma. Hierarchical regression analysis found that coping behavior was a significant potential moderating variable in terms of correlation between psychosocial reaction and trauma after a natural disaster.     

我国特大自然灾害下的应急通信管理探讨

随着国民经济的快速发展、生产规模的持续扩大和社会财富的不断增长，灾害造成的损失也日益严重，而应急通信工作直接影响到国家重要灾害信息的及时发布和救灾工作的顺利实施。为此，结合我国国情，探讨特大自然灾害下高效的应急通信管理机制，为完善我国突发公共事件的应急管理体系和特大自然灾害的应急通信管理提供有益借鉴。     

Improving Catastrophe Modeling for Business Interruption Insurance Needs

While catastrophe (CAT) modeling of property damage is well developed, modeling of business interruption (BI) lags far behind. One reason is the crude nature of functional relationships in CAT models that translate property damage into BI. Another is that estimating BI losses is more complicated because it depends greatly on public and private decisions during recovery with respect to resilience tactics that dampen losses by using remaining resources more efficiently to maintain business function and to recover more quickly. This article proposes a framework for improving hazard loss estimation for BI insurance needs. Improved data collection that allows for analysis at the level of individual facilities within a company can improve matching the facilities with the effectiveness of individual forms of resilience, such as accessing inventories, relocating operations, and accelerating repair, and can therefore improve estimation accuracy. We then illustrate the difference this can make in a case study example of losses from a hurricane.     

Exploring the Predictors of Organizational Preparedness for Natural Disasters

There is an extensive body of research on the determinants of disaster preparedness at the individual and household levels. The same cannot be said for the organizational level. Hence, the purpose of this study is to shed light on the predictors of organizational preparedness for natural disasters. Since leaders of organizations have an incentive to overstate their level of preparedness and because surveys of organizational leaders suffer from selection bias and low response rates, we take the novel approach of interviewing employees about the organizations that employ them. Using an online survey, we collected information from a national sample of 2,008 U.S. employees and estimated the predictors of preparedness at the organizational level. We find, among other results, that organization size (facility level) is a consistent predictor of preparedness at the organizational level. We conclude with policy recommendations and outline an agenda for future research on organizational preparedness for natural disasters.     

朔黄重载铁路路基病害的分类及其成灾机理研究

在大量路基病害相关文献的查阅、分析整理的基础上，结合朔黄重载铁路路基病害现场调查数据，对其存在的主要路基病害进行了分类，并对各类病害的一般特征和表现形式、产生条件及成灾机理进行了系统分析，为既有重载铁路路基病害的预防和整治措施提供理论依据和参考。     

学籍管理在研究生教育质量保证体系中的重要作用

文章从突出学生主体地位,适应学生个性发展的学籍管理先进理念;从"输入-过程-输出"的学籍 管理流程遵循的严格制度;从为实现快捷、准确、长效的学籍管理目标而采用的计算机现代技术等三个方 面,阐述了学籍管理对研究生教育质量提高的重要性及加强和改进学籍管理的必要性。