地质灾害高风险区域灾害恢复力评估方法研究

地质灾害高风险区域灾后恢复力评估方法是灾害风险管理中重要的研究问题之一。通过运用地质灾害区域防御度和区域环境条件两个重要指标刻画地质灾害恢复力,运用层次分析方法构建一个五级评估指标体系并建立评估模型,不仅能更加客观地评价不同地域具有不同的灾害恢复力大小,而且能为各级政府制定灾后恢复与重建对策提供科学的参考依据。     

Case Studies of Federal Occupational Health's EAP Responses to Natural Disasters

Summary

Employee assistance professionals have increasingly been called upon to address the emotional and mental health needs of customer organizations and their employees in response to large-scale natural or man-made disasters. In doing so, employee assistance program (EAP) professionals must use a repertoire of responses that encompasses a broad range of interventions, generally anchored in an understanding of and focus on the organization and its culture, mission, management and labor concerns, and other critical characteristics. The EAP's fallback response to a crisis affecting the workplace is often a critical incident stress debriefing or close variant of it. However, EAPs can best serve their customers at all levels with interventions attuned to an understanding of the workplace culture gained through a consultative relationship with management, while factoring in the nature of the disaster, the length of time and characteristics of the disaster's aftermath, and the nuances of the employees' physical and emotional needs throughout the entire disaster response and recovery process.

This article highlights these issues through the presentation of two case studies, gained from the hurricane response activities of the Federal Occupational Health (FOH) EAP. FOH, a service unit within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Program Support Center, has 60 years of experience working in partnership with its federal agency customers to deliver comprehensive occupational health services to improve the health, safety, and productivity of the federal workforce. FOH's EAP contracts with vendor organizations to provide direct employee assistance, work/life, and related services to more than 1.3 million federal employees. The first case study describes (from the first person perspective) an on-site, multi-focused EAP intervention at a federal facility. The second case study describes management consultation with the U.S. Postal Service in response to major hurricane activity.     

我国农业保险立法的制度构建

农业保险对分散农业风险、促进农业发展具有重要的现实意义,我国亟需制定一部符合国情的农业保险法。美国、日本、法国农业保险立法的经验表明：完善的法律法规是前提,政府的大力支持是关键,合适的经营模式是根本,自愿强制相结合是保障。我国农业保险立法中应明确立法目的、价值取向和基本原则,并将建立巨灾防范制度、确立合适经营模式,明确财政税收支持,健全再保险制度作为主要制度构建。     

信任型社会资本缺失：农村社区灾害应急力之殇——基于XS县BY村“抗旱救灾”的案例研究

本文选取XS县BY村“抗旱救灾”实践作为典型个案,以农村社区为主要分析单位,以基层政府、社区中间组织和村民为次级分析单位进行嵌入性案例研究设计,得出信任资本缺失是制约农村社区灾害应急力提升的文化根源的结论.在此基础上,提出了构建和强化基层政府—社区—中间组织—村民之间高质的信任合作关系的可行性建议,以期强化农村社区灾害应急管理,提升农村社区灾害应急力.     

论我国灾害治理共同体建设的法治保障

构建灾害治理共同体不仅是对灾害应对中的社会动员机制的反思,也是在践行公共危机治理理论中的共同体战略。法治作为建设灾害治理共同体的重要手段,它不仅可以确保协同治灾的制度化和常态化,而且能够助推国家灾害治理体系和灾害治理能力的现代化。我国在灾害治理共同体建设的法治保障中存在着一些短板,需要进一步优化。首先,在立法中确立共同体理念,厘清主体型构及责任界分,明确非政府主体的治理主体身份。其次,拓展法律激励标的的类型,优化法律激励标的的实现机制。最后,设置协同治灾的组织机构,推进信息共享和应急联合演练的常态化,创新灾害治理的国家监督制度。     

自然异动下关键基础设施网络风险研究

关键基础设施保护是突发事件应急管理的重要对象构成,确定风险和保护排序是其保护机制的基本依据。在自然异动约束下,本文将信息扩散理论的超越概率引入风险分析模型,研究跨区域网络级联失效造成的风险,提出了确定关键基础设施网络构件的风险等级及保护排序的方法。以覆冰灾害下电网为例,研究了电网中不同支路在覆冰灾害下面临风险程度,与基本脆弱点进行对比,验证以异动风险作为保护参考的合理性。     

基于权变理论的海洋灾害应急管理研究

海洋经济的蓬勃发展历来与海洋灾害的频繁发生紧密联系在一起,随着国家海洋强国战略的提出,对海洋灾害应急管理的研究也日显必要。本文以管理学中的权变理论为理论基础,分析了海洋灾害应急管理中的各种要素,构建了海洋灾害应急管理的权变模型,进而辩晰了权变理论视角下海洋灾害应急管理中需要注意的问题。     

Explaining the perceived justice of disaster relief policy: An empirical study based on the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in China

The Chinese government issued generous relief policies after the Wenchuan Earthquake. However, according to my survey, 20.32 per cent (n = 1,949) of the earthquake victim‐survivors felt that they were treated unfairly in receiving government assistance after the earthquake. In the present study, a perceived justice framework was established to explain the victim‐survivors’ perception of justice of the disaster relief policy in China and several hypotheses were developed. The hypotheses were tested empirically using household survey data of the Wenchuan Earthquake. The empirical study found that perceived justice, which is composed of three dimensions (distributive justice, interpersonal justice and informational justice), could directly assess the effect of the disaster relief policy. The results of the empirical study also demonstrated that the most important principle of the disaster relief policy was ‘need distribution’, which was also the most important factor of perceived justice. The study concluded that it is imperative to improve victim‐survivors’ feeling of fairness, policy information delivery and their expectations management when implementing a disaster relief policy.     

和谐社会建构中的气象灾害管理探析

气象灾害对社会的影响极大,在和谐社会建构过程中,气象灾害管理是重要任务之一,也是实现人与自然和谐相处的主要指标之一。气象灾害不仅影响个体（身心）和谐,产生心理和生理方面的恶性循环,造成极大的心理创伤;还会影响社会整体（群体）和谐,严重威胁人民群众的生命和财产安全,引起社会恐慌,瓦解社会正常的秩序与运转机制。和谐社会建构中的气象灾害管理,要在反思目前的思维方式与发展理念的基础上,加强气象灾害法规建设,提高民众的投保意识,提高公众的灾害意识,倡导公众的广泛参与,建立强有力的研究团队,科学制定灾害预防措施,并重视灾后心理干预工作。     

Transforming the Local Capacity on Natural Disaster Risk Reduction in Bangladeshi Communities: A Social Work Perspective

Bangladesh has been a severe victim of its various sporadic natural disasters—flood, cyclone and storm surge, flash flood, drought, tornado, riverbank erosion, and landslide. Familial and societal lives and security of people are being seriously disturbed by these natural calamities every year. They also bring deadly damage to the economy and general environment of the country. Natural disasters cannot be pre‐empted at all, but their damage can be mitigated with effective responses. Social work has been a profession notably known for its intervention of people's vulnerability to natural and man‐made disasters. This concept paper discusses relevant intervention strategies and approaches to transform the local capacity of communities on natural disaster risk reduction in light of the social work profession.