公众参与自然灾害应急救助的影响因素研究

中国是世界上遭受自然灾害影响最严重的国家之一,面对减灾救灾的新形势与新任务,有效利用社会力量参与灾害救助,把灾害损失减少到最低限度,是加强社会治理、保障民生亟需解决的现实热点问题.基于系统论的视角,分析公众参与自然灾害应急救助的影响因素,采用结构方程分析影响因素之间的共变性.研究发现,政策法规对参与主体的参与意识有显著的正向影响;主体的参与意识对主体的参与行为有正向影响;媒体促进对参与主体的能力素质有显著的正向影响;主体能力素质对参与行为有正向影响;主体成长对主体的参与意识有显著正向影响;主体的参与意识对参与行为有显著正向影响.研究结果有助于有针对性地提出提升公众参与有效性的具体路径.     

论灾害救助的道德

人类对灾害的态度经历了畏惧、奋起抗争、防范与抗争相结合的变化过程。灾害对人类生命造成了威胁，因此，面对灾害，人们的道德态度应以保全生命为道德底线，积极实施自救和他救，勇敢面对灾害。灾害时期，正常的道德关系被破坏，原有的道德规范失调，灾害救助的道德冲突愈加突出，对灾害救助提出了更大的道德选择难题。灾害救助的道德共识是共同承担、共同抗灾，人们应勇于承担灾害救助的道德责任，发扬仁爱互助的精神。在灾害救助中应遵循助人为乐、爱护公物、遵守秩序的基本社会公德，尽快将灾区生活秩序导向正轨。人们在长期的灾害救助实践中逐步形成了灾害救助的道德管理机制、道德运行机制和道德评价机制，这为灾害救助的道德实践提供了可能性，是人类与灾害抗争的道德体现。     

建设性思维在新闻报道中的运用与探索——以2013年浙江余姚特大水灾报道为例

通过对多家媒体在2013年10月浙江余姚特大水灾的报道进行比较,分析不同议题设置所体现出建设性思维的差异化特征,进一步探讨传媒责任与＂公众问责＂、网络舆情监测与预警引导服务、报道平衡与人文关怀等方面的传播理念与机制,提出媒体从业人员要做凝聚社会共识的＂建设者＂的观点,以及建设性思维在新闻报道中的路径,即创新思维、制定预案、资源整合、培训保障等。     

西部地区公众灾害意识的综合评判及抽样分析

公众的灾害意识影响着公众和政府防灾减灾的行为与决策。本文构建了灾害意识水平的综合评价体系,并依此对西部地区公众的灾害意识状况进行了调查分析,结果发现,尽管西部地区公众的灾害意识水平有所提高,但总体而言并不乐观;另外,灾害意识的4个具体维度在性别、年龄、职业、文化和居住地五个人类个性特征上表现出一定的差异。加强灾害教育是提高公众灾害意识必然选择。     

海潮灾害与范公堤的修筑——兼论范仲淹“先天下之忧而忧”思想形成的自然环境基础

范仲淹入仕之初，曾监泰州西溪盐仓。他“虽乘田委吏之卑”，仍心忧社稷民生，屡次上书言政。特别是目睹潮水泛滥，殃及百姓，范仲淹建议并参与重修捍海堰。后人为纪念他的首倡之功而称此堰为“范公堤”。这一事件，是范仲淹“先天下之忧而忧”思想形成的重要基础。后世范公堤得到多次增修，范仲淹忧国忧民精神的感召应是其中重要原因。     

Integrating Risk and Resilience Approaches to Catastrophe Management in Engineering Systems

Recent natural and man‐made catastrophes, such as the Fukushima nuclear power plant, flooding caused by Hurricane Katrina, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the Haiti earthquake, and the mortgage derivatives crisis, have renewed interest in the concept of resilience, especially as it relates to complex systems vulnerable to multiple or cascading failures. Although the meaning of resilience is contested in different contexts, in general resilience is understood to mean the capacity to adapt to changing conditions without catastrophic loss of form or function. In the context of engineering systems, this has sometimes been interpreted as the probability that system conditions might exceed an irrevocable tipping point. However, we argue that this approach improperly conflates resilience and risk perspectives by expressing resilience exclusively in risk terms. In contrast, we describe resilience as an emergent property of what an engineering system does, rather than a static property the system has. Therefore, resilience cannot be measured at the systems scale solely from examination of component parts. Instead, resilience is better understood as the outcome of a recursive process that includes: sensing, anticipation, learning, and adaptation. In this approach, resilience analysis can be understood as differentiable from, but complementary to, risk analysis, with important implications for the adaptive management of complex, coupled engineering systems. Management of the 2011 flooding in the Mississippi River Basin is discussed as an example of the successes and challenges of resilience‐based management of complex natural systems that have been extensively altered by engineered structures.     

Individual Disaster Assistance For Socially Vulnerable People: Lessons Learned From the Pohang Earthquake in the Republic of Korea

The Republic of Korea has been considered to be relatively safe from earthquake hazards because of the geological location of the Korean Peninsula, which has a low level of intraplate seismic activity. However, an earthquake with a moment magnitude of 5.4 struck the city of Pohang on November 15, 2017, causing 90 casualties and 52 million USD in property losses. During the recovery process after the earthquake, the Korean government provided individual disaster assistance to victims who reported their damages. However, the government disaster assistance could have been unfairly distributed among the socially vulnerable victims who essentially relied on that assistance. This study identifies whether the government disaster assistance was fairly distributed to socially vulnerable victims using a statistical model based on the data from the Pohang earthquake that occurred in 2017 in Korea. A conceptual model was constructed using a structural equation model (SEM) of three factors—social vulnerability, physical vulnerability, and the amount paid out in individual disaster assistance. Furthermore, interviews with and a survey of the victims were conducted to verify the problems identified by the conceptual model. This study found that socially vulnerable victims were less likely to take advantage of the government disaster assistance program.     

我国公共危机管理面临的挑战与对策——对2008年雪灾的反思

自2003年以来,我国的公共危机管理取得了长足的发展,建立起了比较完备的危机管理体系,在抗击2008年年初的雪灾中发挥了重要作用,但同时也暴露出我国的危机管理还面临许多挑战:公共危机管理的预警机制、信息联动机制不够完善;公民危机教育欠缺;非政府组织参与不足.应对这些危机管理挑战可采取以下对策:树立危机管理新理念;完善信息联动机制;开展公共安全教育;扶持非政府组织发展;组建常设的综合性危机管理协调机构等.     

公私协力:非协调约束下公私灾害救助困境的破解

以往大部分文献从经济、政治和管理等角度对"全能政府"与灾害危机之间的关系进行了探讨,过于重视政府角色的扩张,或者讨论当 "政府失灵" 及"市场失灵"时,非营利组织可以协助解决.然而在灾害救助过程中,非营利组织也可能产生"志愿失灵"情形.若要解决三个部门"失灵"的问题,可通过建构"公私协力机制"来解决.社工非营利组织能发挥积极的"补充性"而非"替代性"作用的观点,通过志愿服务、公民参与与政策倡导等方式,非营利组织督促与协助政府开展救灾工作,克服政府由于威权化和分权化所导致的反映迟缓的缺陷.对于政府和非营利组织而言,这不是一种"零和博弈",而是一种"双赢博弈",当然,最大受益者是广大灾民.     

幼儿园灾害叙事设计的原则与策略

灾害教育的学前化有利于提高人类在灾害中的抗风险能力。灾害叙事作为语言静态下的灾害教育，有利于提高幼儿 园灾害教育的有效性。本文在提出灾害叙事内涵和类型的基础上，探讨幼儿园灾害叙事设计的原则与策略，构建幼儿园灾害 叙事模式：确立活动目标、选择活动内容、采取活动方式及制定评价和调整活动的策略。