关于高校基建档案科学管理的对策

基建档案管理理论与实践的脱节成为不少高校档案管理的通病，如何保障高校基建档案的科学管理，提高工作质量和管理水平成为亟待解决的难题。通过分析成因找出有效管理的途径与对策：依法治校，妥善解决基建保证金，明确成套文件的归属问题，提高基建档案管理水平等，从而发挥它在社会主义市场经济中的作用     

自然灾害与社会流弊--以1935年湖北汉水水灾为例

以1935年湖北汉水水灾为例,展示了当时普遍出现的迷信观念盛行、灾民盲目流徙、天灾人祸并生、救灾积弊甚多的消极现象,并对自然灾害与社会流弊的关系进行了分析。     

生物在综合减灾体系中的作用与三态管理

作为综合减灾体系中的一个重要组成部分,生物在自然灾害预测、防灾、抗灾、救灾等工作中都发挥着不可低估的作用。通过管理措施使生物的减灾作用得到系统整合与效应强化,可改进减灾工作的效率与效果。该文从自然规律、变化与人类愿望、需求的联系的角度揭示了自然灾害与生物减灾“行为”的本质;提出了基态(原态、第一态、自然态)、中间态(第二态、影响态)与结合态(第三态、控制态)的生物减灾作用管理理念,以及第一态零干预,“无为而治”,第二态软技术干预、间接调整,第三态组织、控制的技术途径。文章同时提出了时空结构中以周期性瞬态为参照的自然灾害生物应变分析方法。     

民国时期河南自然灾害原因探析

民国时期,河南发生灾荒的频度高,受灾面积广,灾荒危害深,这不仅受河南地形地势、气候特点、河流分布等自然因素的直接影响,而且与民国时期河南的社会经济、政治环境等诸多社会因素有密切联系,其主要表现为:统治阶级的掠夺使得国困民穷,无力抗灾;战争频繁,加重、制造了灾荒;吏治腐败,水利设施长期失修,灾民得不到及时救济,等等。自然因素和社会因素交相侵袭是造成民国时期河南自然灾害频发的主要原因。     

“灾变”后的都市化——“5·12”地震灾后重建研究之一

地震重灾区之一的四川省平武县南坝镇重建依赖于国家政府的规划和指导,原本的乡镇在重建后呈现出明显的都市特征,然而政府构想中的都市化效应与地方的实际表达产生了差别,"政府的都市化"不等同于"人的都市化"。地方群众面对"灾变"后既熟悉又陌生的家乡产生了诸多的不适应。重建后的数年间,当地人在逐渐适应"政府都市化"的同时也积极发挥自身的能动性形塑着"人的都市化"。南坝镇经历"灾变"后的都市化表现,当地人对灾后重建的适应和改造,表明了人的能动性在从"政府的都市化"到"人的都市化"的变迁过程中所起到的实际作用。     

Space,People, Interventions and Time (SPIT): A Model for Understanding Children's Outdoor Play in Post‐Disaster Contexts Based On a Case Study from the Triple Disaster Area of Tohoku in North‐East Japan

Play in the outdoor environment is important for children as part of their childhood and is particularly important for children in a post‐disaster situation. This article explores issues around outdoor play opportunities in the Tohoku region of north‐east Japan, 13 months after the triple disaster of earthquake, tsunami and nuclear power plant failure. A model of space, people, interventions and time (SPIT) is used to understand the situation in this unique case study.     

Compensation and Community Corrosion: Perceived Inequalities,Social Comparisons,and Competition Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

After disasters, victim compensation programs are typically associated with individual healing and community rebuilding. But postdisaster compensation systems also have the potential to introduce confusion and competition, further fraying the social fabric of communities affected by trauma. To assess the perceived effects of disaster compensation processes on community social relations, as well as the mechanisms that underlie such effects, we turn to the case of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, after which BP implemented one of the largest compensation systems in U.S. history. Using data from interviews of residents of four Gulf Coast communities, we examine the extent to which this claims process hindered efforts to recover from this disaster. Our data suggest that while BP money helped some residents in the Gulf during a difficult economic time, many interviewees perceived uncertainty, randomness, and unevenness in the compensation process, which led to negative social comparisons and competition among community members. Because of this animosity, we argue that BP's compensation system was a disruptive mechanism that contributed to community corrosion and introduced another source of psychological stress into already‐traumatized areas.     

An Integrated Logistic Model for Predictable Disasters

In the aftermath of a disaster, the relief items are transported from temporary warehouses (Staging Areas, SAs) to the Points of Distribution (PODs). Reducing the response time to provide relief items to disaster victims and cost minimization are two important objectives of this study. We propose an integrated optimization model for simultaneously determining (1) locations of staging areas, (2) inventory assignments to these SAs, (3) selecting sizes and numbers of trucks, and (4) routing of trucks from SAs to PODs. We also introduce another variable, a value function, which forces the model to reduce the logistics response time. We study the interactions among these variables through extensive sensitivity analysis. The time horizon for supply of relief items to disaster areas is usually limited to six days after the disaster occurs. Therefore, we use the proposed optimization model in a rolling‐horizon manner, one day at a time. This reduces daily demand uncertainty. We analyze three disaster scenarios: (1) a low impact disaster, (2) a medium impact disaster, and (3) a high impact disaster. We conduct 720 experiments with different parameter values, and provide answers to the following questions that are useful for the logistic managers: (i) What are the right sizes (in terms of storage capacities) of SAs closer to the PODs? (ii) How should the budget be allocated in a disaster scenario? (iii) What mix of different types (in terms of sizes) of trucks should be selected in a given scenario? The most important managerial insights include: (i) operational budget beyond a limit does not improve the operational efficiency, (ii) when the budget is very low, it is essential to select smaller SAs close to the PODs in order to carry out operations in a feasible manner, (iii) when the impact of disaster is high, it is always beneficial to select larger SAs close to the PODs (as long as the budget is not very low), (iv) when the budget is high and the impact of disaster is not very high, the emergency management administrators need to select SAs prudently based on the tradeoff between the operational cost and the humanitarian value, and (v) the cost of operations is higher when all the trucks are of the same type compared to the case when there is a mix of different types of trucks. Also, we find that the optimal selection of SAs is not impacted by different combinations of the types of trucks. The focus of this study is on disasters that can be forecasted in advance and provide some lead time for preparations, for example, hurricanes. In order to understand the disaster management process of such disasters and develop our model, we (i) interviewed several emergency management administrators, and (ii) studied the disaster management processes available in documents released by various government agencies.     

论数字档案的技术支持

数字档案具有信息资源的数字化、信息组织方式的网状化、内容传输的网络化和服务范围的扩大化等方面的特征 ,这些特征是通过一定的技术手段来实现的。相关的技术支持可归结为五大类 :档案内容的创建与获取、存储与管理、检索、传送与发布、安全控制。     

Weberian Political Sociology and Sociological Disaster Studies

The specialized field of disaster studies seems to be moving farther away from mainstream sociology, to the detriment of both. For sociologists working in this field, application of Max Weber's political sociology is proposed as one way to reconnect their research with longstanding concerns of the discipline. Weber's political sociology contains a conflict model focusing on structured inequalities of class, status, and power. Its relevance to both contemporary sociology and sociological disaster studies is illustrated through a reexamination of one of the early classic studies of disaster. The paper concludes with an overview of Weber's thoughts about the role of values in research and a brief comparison of Weber's political sociology with alternative theories.