从低水平非均衡走向高水平均衡——论中国农村金融改革与发展

中国农村金融长期形成的低水平非均衡不但源于存量式改革导致的金融供给抑制,还源于中等农户的金融需求不足。中国农村金融改革与发展的战略,既需要通过增量式改革和存量式改革并举来有效增加金融供给,也需要通过促进"三农"的多元化发展来有效提高农业、农户和农村金融需求,以实现从低水平非均衡向高水平均衡的跳跃。     

Sample sizes for the transmission disequilibrium tests: tdt,s-tdt and 1-tdt

The transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) is widely used to detect the linkage disequilibrium between a candidate locus (a marker) and a disease locus. The TDT is a family-based design and has the advantage that it is a valid test when population stratification exist. The TDT requires the marker genotypes of affected individuals and their parents. For diseases with late age of onset, it is difficult or impossible to obtain the marker genotype of the parents. Therefore, when both parents marker genotypes are unavailable, Ewex and Spielman extended the TDT to the S-TDT for use in sibships with at least one affected individual and one unaffected individual. When only one of the parents' genotype is available. Sun et al. proposed a test the 1-TDT, for use with niarker genotypes of affected individuals and only one available parent. Here, we study the saniple sizes of TDT, S-TDT, and 1-TDT. We show that the sample size needed for the 1-TDT is rogghly the same as the sample size needed for the S-TDT with two sibs and is about twice the sample size for the TDT.     

非均衡市场预期价格可控性分析

本文运用动态分析方法,从经济控制论角度对含预期价格的非均衡市场系统的稳定性及预期价格可控性问题作了分析,所得结论符合经济现实。