对中国社会经济改革进程中收入不平等的认知:一个同期群组的分析

不同群组在对收入不平等的态度上是否会因为个人经历不同的时代背景而产生差异?运用2005年中国综合社会调查的数据,比较四组拥有不同时代背景经历的群组,在转型期对收入不平等的看法。研究结果显示,年龄较老的群组对于收入不平等持有更多批评而年轻群组则对收入不平等有着更为宽容的态度,考虑不同群组中的不同自身利益之后并不能大幅度降低人们对收入不平等的态度上的差异。研究进一步表明,更重要的中介因素是人们对社会公正的信念。     

HIV/AIDS and other household shocks as catalysts of local commercialization of non‐timber forest products in Southern Africa

Local trade in non‐timber forest products (NTFPs) is increasing globally, yet the causes have been little studied. We examine household shock as a driver of NTFP trade in five southern African countries, with an emphasis on HIV/AIDS‐related illness and death. Over the past two years, 95% of trader households experienced at least one shock, with family illness and death recorded for 68% and 42% of households, respectively. Almost 40% had entered the trade because of HIV/AIDS‐related shocks. Additional shocks included natural disasters, crop pests or failure and livestock loss. The sale of NTFPs was the third most common coping strategy, after kinship and agricultural adjustments. Coping strategies differed between sites and type of shock.     

Micro‐investment perspective and the potential of the universal basic income

The article evaluates prospects of the Basic Income (BI) as a development policy tool. While BI is a relatively new initiative within development policy, the article argues that it should be seen as a serious option in the future, given the changing geography of poverty and the findings from existing cash transfer schemes. The analysis is carried out as a synthesis of existing findings on BI pilot programmes, along with cash transfer instruments more generally. While not including new empirical data, the synthesis allows preliminary estimates on the likely impacts of abolishing conditioning and targeting in cash transfer schemes. Particular attention is paid to the notion of micro‐investment and the psychological conditions of micro‐investment.     

高移职业教育层次是职业教育的必然选择

现代经济社会的发展对职业技能人才的规格提出了新的要求,要适应这一变化,必须高移职业教育层次。家庭经济支持能力的提高和丰富的高等教育资源为高移职业教育层次提供了可能性。     

我国中期财政问题浅析

本文对我国的中期财政问题进行了简要分析。     

Female Labor Supply,Human Capital,and Welfare Reform

We estimate a dynamic model of employment, human capital accumulation—including education, and savings for women in the United Kingdom, exploiting tax and benefit reforms, and use it to analyze the effects of welfare policy. We find substantial elasticities for labor supply and particularly for lone mothers. Returns to experience, which are important in determining the longer‐term effects of policy, increase with education, but experience mainly accumulates when in full‐time employment. Tax credits are welfare improving in the U.K., increase lone‐mother labor supply and marginally reduce educational attainment, but the employment effects do not extend beyond the period of eligibility. Marginal increases in tax credits improve welfare more than equally costly increases in income support or tax cuts.     

中国缩小收入差距：进展、挑战与对策

对于遏制收入差距扩大,中国已经取得了一些进展,但随着收入差距矛盾的主要方面由城乡差距转为城镇内部差距,缩小收入差距面临新的挑战。在简要回顾中国收入差距变化的过程和历史背景的基础上,分析了当下中国收入差距微幅缩小的原因,并结合国际经验,对未来影响收入差距的主要因素———资本要素和劳动要素的分配关系进行分析和总结,最后对中国收入分配改革提出政策建议。     

如何从生命周期理解我国的收入不平等

文章从生命周期的角度入手,以期为理解收入不平等提供一个不同的视角.基尼系数本质上衡量的是结果的不平等,收入所得税等政府政策也侧重对结果不平等的调整,但收入结果的不平等起源于机会的不平等,强化于过程的不平等,最终才表现为结果的不平等.机会不平等、过程不平等和结果不平等对应不同的生命周期阶段,需要不同的政策措施.对于机会不平等,政府应着眼于消除户籍制度等对不同人群的制度性歧视,减少我国区域发展水平的差距;推动幼儿和青少年教育与医疗服务的均等化,为他们创造一个公平的养教环境.对于过程不平等,一个重要的方面是建立对各种所有制员工和不同雇佣关系职工都公平的城乡统一的市场环境,消除劳动力市场中同工不同酬等歧视现象,尤其是取消国家制度和政策造成的劳动力市场分割.对于结果不平等,要兼顾公平和效率,在现有个人所得税、最低生活保障制度等基础上,逐步建立城乡统一、公平公正的收入调节和社会保障体系.     

失地农户生计策略多样化研究

利用九江和襄阳两地的失地农户调查数据,刻画失地农户生计策略多样化特征;并利用广义线性模型和广义线性混合模型,分析生计资本对失地农户生计多样化的影响。主要研究结论包括：1）失地前后农户的生计多样化与收入水平、兼业程度和劳动力流动具有某种关联;2）失地农户实施生计多样化的能力依赖于一定的生计资本,生计资本的提高有助于扩展失地农户实施生计多样化的能力;3）生计多样化虽然是失地农户发展生计的重要途径,但当生计资本超过某个临界点后农户不再将生计多样化作为其最优的选择。     

表面摩擦驱动收卷的玻纤布卷驱动力特征

与传统股权相比,扶贫股在出资、股权类型、权利内容、收益分配、退出机制、风险防范等方面形成了许多创新做法,但存在制度回应弱、效益吸引力不够、相关利益协调不足、长效的收益分享机制缺失、平台治理参与局限等深层次问题。据此,应立足中国实践,在集体股的框架内,明确扶贫股的法律属性,以集体股制度创新为路径,从制度层面规范扶贫股。