汉语语用平面歧义研究综述

语用平面歧义指同一语句可以解释为不同的预设义 ,是一种比较特殊的语法歧义。研究语用平面歧义可以精细地考察句子的意义 ,深入揭示某些副词的句法语义功能。随着语法研究中语用分析的逐步深入 ,语用平面歧义的研究越来越受到重视 ,并在近十几年取得了突破性进展 ,其中对否定句、“也”字句和“最”字句歧义的研究最为全面深入 ,对“更”字句和“又”字句也有较多探讨。     

汉俄语数词模糊语义及其生成方式的对比分析

本文以汉俄语数词为例,分析对比了汉俄数词语义视角下的模糊意义及其生成方式,旨在揭示汉俄语数词的语用意义方面的异同点和广泛存在的原因。     

文学欣赏的模糊性

文学欣赏的模糊性是文学欣赏的重要特性 ,是主客体相互作用的结果。文学作品提供一个召唤结构 ,这种召唤结构有大量的空白。而接受主体响应这种召唤 ,创造性地去填补那些空白 ,从而产生模糊性。     

比较与比喻

广义的比较包括了比喻 ,而严格意义上的比较与比喻之间却又并不存在鲜明的界限 ,在这重叠区往往就有歧义产生。在分析英语、汉语比较句的时候 ,要着重分析英语比较结构中的歧义现象 ,并探讨其产生的原因 ,要运用恰当方法消除歧义     

Comparative Ignorance and the Ellsberg Paradox

We investigate the evaluation of known (where probability is known) and unknown (where probability is unknown) bets in comparative and non-comparative contexts. A series of experiments support the finding that ambiguity avoidance persists in both comparative and non-comparative conditions. The price difference between known and unknown bets is, however, larger in a comparative evaluation than in separate evaluation. Our results are consistent with Fox and Tversky's (1995) Comparative Ignorance Hypothesis, but we find that the strong result obtained by Fox and Tversky is more fragile and the complete disappearance of ambiguity aversion in non-comparative condition may not be as robust as Fox and Tversky had supposed.     

A Smooth Model of Decision Making under Ambiguity

We propose and characterize a model of preferences over acts such that the decision maker prefers act f to act g if and only if 𝔼_μφ(𝔼_πu○f) 𝔼_μφ(𝔼_πu○g), where 𝔼 is the expectation operator, u is a von Neumann–Morgenstern utility function, φis an increasing transformation, and μis a subjective probability over the set Πof probability measures πthat the decision maker thinks are relevant given his subjective information. A key feature of our model is that it achieves a separation between ambiguity, identified as a characteristic of the decision maker's subjective beliefs, and ambiguity attitude, a characteristic of the decision maker's tastes. We show that attitudes toward pure risk are characterized by the shape of u, as usual, while attitudes toward ambiguity are characterized by the shape of φ. Ambiguity itself is defined behaviorally and is shown to be characterized by properties of the subjective set of measures Π. One advantage of this model is that the well‐developed machinery for dealing with risk attitudes can be applied as well to ambiguity attitudes. The model is also distinct from many in the literature on ambiguity in that it allows smooth, rather than kinked, indifference curves. This leads to different behavior and improved tractability, while still sharing the main features (e.g., Ellsberg's paradox). The maxmin expected utility model (e.g., Gilboa and Schmeidler (1989)) with a given set of measures may be seen as a limiting case of our model with infinite ambiguity aversion. Two illustrative portfolio choice examples are offered.     

On the Transgressiveness of Ambiguity: Richard Bruce Nugent and the Flow of Sexuality and Race

The study focuses on the slender corpus of literary work by Harlem Renaissance poet, author and visual artist Richard Bruce Nugent (1906–1987), arguably America’s foremost Black aesthete. As an individualist in the footsteps of post-Hegelian and pre-Nietzschean philosopher Max Stirner (1806–1856), Nugent sought to re-think sexuality and race beyond fixed schemes of categorial distribution. To this end, Nugent deployed a strategy of sexual and racial ambiguity that aimed at situating the uniquely sexed and raced individual within the continuities of ever-diversifying Nature. Nugent’s deconstructive approach of sexuality and race proves to be convergent with (but not genealogically dependent on) the universalization of sexual intermediariness and racial miscegenation postulated by German-Jewish sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld during the first third of the twentieth century. Nugent’s non-identitarian conception of sex acts anticipated by more than a decade comparable insights propounded by Alfred Kinsey.     

关于魏晋南北朝士族、庶族问题的再探讨

魏晋南北朝史研究中的士族、庶族等词汇的区别和划分问题,由于说法或者语境的不同往往产生歧义。针对上述问题进行比较、辨析,可知严格意义上的士族就是指高门士族,其余所谓的＂次等＂与＂低级＂士族并不存在,不应视为士族。     

从语言对比的角度谈“动物+不吃了”结构的歧义问题

"动物+不吃了"结构的存在歧义问题。问卷调查结果显示:在汉语里只有常食用肉类且整体都能被煮的小动物在"动物+不吃了"结构中充任主语时才会出现歧义。反而对于使用法语、西班牙语、乌尔都语等语种的学生来说,该结构中的主语不管是小动物还是大动物,他们都理解为有歧义。不同语言词汇的差异是造成第二语言习得时产生歧义理解的重要原因之一。因而,在对外汉语教学中,教师除了要注意目的语的固有歧义外,还应了解汉语和留学生母语之间词汇的差异,采取有针对性的教学方案进行讲解和练习。     

英语中的语法歧义分析及消除

歧义现象在英语中是普遍存在的,尤其语法中的歧义甚多。通过对英语语法中歧义现象的研究,探讨了其产生原因,认为可以采用将省略部分补充完整,改变语序,改换句型和结构等方式来消除歧义。