异质产品供应链定价控制权与零售商横向兼并效应分析

针对一部线性合约与供应商是否具有绝对定价控制权,比较分析零售商横向兼并集中度提高对消费者福利的影响.结果表明,(1)当供应商具有绝对定价控制权时,零售商横向兼并对消费者产生的影响取决于产品替代性程度大小:若替代性程度较高,则将产生有利影响,反之,将产生不利影响;(2)当供应商没有绝对定价控制权时,零售商横向兼并对消费者产生的影响取决于零售商兼并前的相对定价控制权强弱与兼并后的相对定价控制权增幅大小:若零售商在供应链中处于相对弱势地位,且零售商横向兼并使零售商的定价控制权增幅较大,则兼并将对消费者产生有利影响,否则,将对消费者产生不利影响.     

带有快速反应策略供应链系统的补偿策略研究

过长的订购提前期往往使得零售商订货决策感到困难. 快速反应策略能使零售商在获 得更多更准确的市场需求信息后,调整订购量而提高收益. 但是快速反应策略并不一定使供应 商的利润也提高. 有文章指出只有低的服务水平才能使两者利润同时提高,因而这种方法在工 业应用中是不一定可行的. 补偿策略是一种广泛应用的方法,能够提高产品的客户服务水平, 因而研究了补偿策略在快速反应供应链系统中的作用. 在某些条件下,在快速反应供应链系统 中,补偿策略能使零售商与供应商一方的收益不变或者提高,另一方的收益有所提高,即Pare2 to 提高. 还研究了引进补偿策略后,供应链系统的最优解及期望卖出量、期望缺货量和期望残 余量的变化情况.     

商誉和价格影响需求的易逝品动态定价与广告决策

研究需求受价格和商誉共同影响下易逝品动态定价与广告投资策略的联合决策问题。在初始库存确定的情形下,在某待定销售周期内,企业通过投入广告提升自身商誉从而拓宽市场,以企业利润最大化为目标,建立联合最优动态定价及广告投资策略模型。应用庞特里亚金极大值原理,求得不同系统参数下最优动态定价和广告投资策略及最优的销售周期。通过数值算例验证方法的有效性,结合参数灵敏度分析检验系统参数对最优策略的影响并给出相应管理意义。     

基于消费者效用的生鲜农产品供应链生鲜度激励机制研究

生鲜供应链整体生鲜度的提升对减少浪费、提高供应链整体盈利水平及社会福利有重要意义。本文基于消费者效用理论研究了两供应商和单一零售商组成的供应链系统，构建了单周期下生鲜农产品生鲜度激励模型，模型以供应商为领导者，采用Stackelberg博弈方法求解得到了均衡状态下供应商、零售商的最优定价策略及供应商新鲜度努力选择。研究结果表明，供应商和零售商利润与消费者价格敏感系数呈反向变化，与新鲜度敏感系数呈同向变化。在价格竞争市场，供应商保鲜努力程度和利润与价格替代率呈反向变化；在生鲜度竞争市场，供应商保鲜努力程度和利润与新鲜度替代率呈同向变化。基于研究结论，厂商及政府应当联手引导消费者的消费观念，尽可能减少由于信息不对称引致的道德风险，在市场价格替代率不变甚至降低的情形下，提高生鲜度替代率，使得消费者的意愿支付价格上升，提高自身讨价还价能力，获取更多利润。     

生产者货币计价决定因素的实证研究

利用12个发达国家和发展中国家的非平衡面板样本数据,对微观、宏观和其他因素对生产者货币计价(PCP)的影响进行实证研究,指出经济规模、市场份额、金融市场的发达程度、币值的对内稳定性和产品差异化程度是最主要的影响因素,而出口商的谈判能力、币值的对外稳定性等因素也对PCP的选择有一定影响。根据实证检验结果,对人民币作为贸易计价货币的条件进行评估,发现其优势在于我国的经济规模、出口商的市场份额及其谈判能力以及人民币汇率的相对稳定性; 劣势在于相对落后的金融市场、不可预期性较大的通货膨胀水平以及产品的差异化程度。     

How social comparison influences reference price formation in a service context

What is the influence on reference price when the source of price information is anonymous versus social? This article investigates the formation of reference prices given an observed sequence of past prices in a service context. An experimental study suggests that, considering the same price information, if the source is social (i.e., the prices paid by colleagues), then consumers want to pay less. More specifically, social comparison changes the way individuals weigh information, attributing more importance to the lowest historical prices and to the range in price variations.     

Supply Chain Consequences of Subsidies for Corporate Social Responsibility

The use of government incentives tied to market prices as means of boosting corporate social responsibility (CSR) has expanded notably in recent decades. Enhanced business tax deductions for charitable donations and credits for conservation easements are notable cases. While providing incentives for socially desirable behavior to achieve legislative goals has intuitive appeal, the broader economic consequences are not always fully understood. In this study, we examine such wider consequences for supply chains when subsidies for CSR are offered. One effect we identify is that since incentives are typically tied to market value, firms have not only an added incentive to achieve societal objectives (say by donating inventory) but also an incentive to raise output (retail) market prices. A second consequence is that since firms forgo potential revenues by engaging in socially desired behavior, they become increasingly sensitive to supplier pricing; in an uncoordinated supply chain this leads to input (wholesale) price concessions. Among other things, the results underscore that incentives put in place to meet broader societal objectives also have notable ramifications for suppliers, retailers, and consumers in primary markets.     

Inventory‐Based Dynamic Pricing with Costly Price Adjustment

We study an average‐cost stochastic inventory control problem in which the firm can replenish inventory and adjust the price at anytime. We establish the optimality to change the price from low to high in each replenishment cycle as inventory is depleted. With costly price adjustment, scale economies of inventory replenishment are reflected in the cycle time instead of lot size—An increased fixed ordering cost leads to an extended replenishment cycle but does not necessarily increase the order quantity. A reduced marginal cost of ordering calls for an increased order quantity, as well as speeding up product selling within a cycle. We derive useful properties of the profit function that allows for reducing computational complexity of the problem. For systems requiring short replenishment cycles, the optimal solution can be easily computed by applying these properties. For systems requiring long replenishment cycles, we further consider a relaxed problem that is computational tractable. Under this relaxation, the sum of fixed ordering cost and price adjustment cost is equal to (greater than, less than) the total inventory holding cost within a replenishment cycle when the inventory holding cost is linear (convex, concave) in the stock level. Moreover, under the optimal solution, the time‐average profit is the same across all price segments when the inventory holding cost is accounted properly. Through a numerical study, we demonstrate that inventory‐based dynamic pricing can lead to significant profit improvement compared with static pricing and limited price adjustment can yield a benefit that is close to unlimited price adjustment. To be able to enjoy the benefit of dynamic pricing, however, it is important to appropriately choose inventory levels at which the price is revised.     

一种混合建模方法及其在ETF期权定价中的应用

科学合理的交易型开放式指数基金（ETF）期权定价有利于充分发挥其风险对冲功能,也是一个需要准确掌握市场规律并兼顾经济学意义的复杂建模过程。本文提出了一种新的混合建模方法,将嵌套长短时记忆神经网络模型（NLSTM）与Heston模型结合,实现ETF期权定价偏差的动态修正,并基于华夏上证50ETF、嘉实沪深300ETF和华泰柏瑞沪深300ETF的高频期权数据,实验验证了所提方法的有效性。研究结果表明,不同类型ETF期权价格的波动特征差异显著,无论是基于BS定价模型还是Heston定价模型都难以准确刻画ETF期权价格的复杂变化规律。通过将NLSTM神经网络模型与Heston模型结合,能够有效地捕捉不同类型ETF期权的动态变化规律,从而提升ETF期权定价的准确性。